Spring sprang in all her splendor, triggering a purple sea to inundate yards, city park acres, roadside ditches, farm fields, and pastures. Tiny lavender blooms set among frilly leaves welcome warming temperatures every year, but current conditions have cranked its performance.

Commonly called henbit, this vegetation sporting tiny orchid-like flowers blends cheerfully with dandelions that brighten green lawns and irritate weed haters. This North African/Eurasian immigrant has outdone itself recently, creating a divided populace—those who hate it and those who don’t.

As daylight lengthens and greenery unfurls, a pinkish-purple carpet has overtaken what should be verdant lawns in every area town. 

People like my mom despise this invasion into well-tended grass. I, however, forgive these tiny buds their trespasses and welcome them. Once I researched this relative newcomer to the plains, I found it had practical uses to match its eye-catching appearance as well as a few negative qualities.

Henbit or Lamium amplexicaule L. belongs to the mint family. Although a member of Lamiaceae or mint clan, henbit doesn’t smell or taste like its more refreshing relatives. 

It comes by its common name because chickens love to eat it. Apparently, cranes and storks savor it as well because some regions of the country identify it as cranesbill, heronsbill, and storksbill. In addition to hens and other birds gobbling this gourmet treat, some say hummingbirds love to sip its nectar.

For humans with exotic tastes, this plant offers interesting dining options. Homo sapiens can nibble cleaned stems, flowers, and leaves harvested from unsprayed fields. It crunches raw in salads, blends in smoothies, sautés like kale or spinach, or brews into teas. These greens, which some claim taste either like kale or mushrooms, are rich in iron, vitamins, and fiber, all positives for nutrition enthusiasts. With such recommendations, it’s surprising to see it overtaking lawns.

The explanation regarding such abundance might have something to do with the species ability to reproduce like … it’s a member of the mint family. 

A single plant can produce 2,000 seeds a season, which makes me wish I had a savings account offering such returns. Like its relatives carelessly seeded in a garden, these plants reproduce as prolifically as cottontail bunnies. Begin with two and in a couple of seasons, thousands overtake an area. This cousin to wintergreen, catnip, and spearmint excels in this department, which a drive through town confirms.

The failure of this plant to thrive in the open market may relate to its negative qualities.

 I mentioned how easily it spreads. It has additional downsides. According to one source, field infestation results in diminished yields in small grain crops. In addition, authorities explain that it hosts disease-causing nematodes and fungi in soybeans and other cultivated plantings. Learning about these objectionable qualities makes it clear why agriculturists don’t promote it.

As much as this early season bloomer brightens yards and spirits, my mother’s weed diagnosis is realistic. Anyone living close to farm fields shouldn’t let it reproduce. Those desiring to eat or feed it to livestock can’t spray it. It’s a quandary for sure.

Karen Madorin is a retired teacher, writer, photographer, outdoors lover, and sixth-generation Kansan.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/7/1658158626307.png" alt="Karen Madorin. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Karen Madorin. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By KAREN MADORINSpring sprang in all her splendor, triggering a purple sea to inundate yards, city park acres, roadside ditches, farm fields, and pastures. Tiny lavender blooms set among frilly leaves welcome warming temperatures every year, but current conditions have cranked its performance.Commonly called henbit, this vegetation sporting tiny orchid-like flowers blends cheerfully with dandelions that brighten green lawns and irritate weed haters. This North African/Eurasian immigrant has outdone itself recently, creating a divided populace—those who hate it and those who don’t.As daylight lengthens and greenery unfurls, a pinkish-purple carpet has overtaken what should be verdant lawns in every area town. People like my mom despise this invasion into well-tended grass. I, however, forgive these tiny buds their trespasses and welcome them. Once I researched this relative newcomer to the plains, I found it had practical uses to match its eye-catching appearance as well as a few negative qualities.Henbit or Lamium amplexicaule L. belongs to the mint family. Although a member of Lamiaceae or mint clan, henbit doesn’t smell or taste like its more refreshing relatives. It comes by its common name because chickens love to eat it. Apparently, cranes and storks savor it as well because some regions of the country identify it as cranesbill, heronsbill, and storksbill. In addition to hens and other birds gobbling this gourmet treat, some say hummingbirds love to sip its nectar.For humans with exotic tastes, this plant offers interesting dining options. Homo sapiens can nibble cleaned stems, flowers, and leaves harvested from unsprayed fields. It crunches raw in salads, blends in smoothies, sautés like kale or spinach, or brews into teas. These greens, which some claim taste either like kale or mushrooms, are rich in iron, vitamins, and fiber, all positives for nutrition enthusiasts. With such recommendations, it’s surprising to see it overtaking lawns.The explanation regarding such abundance might have something to do with the species ability to reproduce like … it’s a member of the mint family. A single plant can produce 2,000 seeds a season, which makes me wish I had a savings account offering such returns. Like its relatives carelessly seeded in a garden, these plants reproduce as prolifically as cottontail bunnies. Begin with two and in a couple of seasons, thousands overtake an area. This cousin to wintergreen, catnip, and spearmint excels in this department, which a drive through town confirms.The failure of this plant to thrive in the open market may relate to its negative qualities. I mentioned how easily it spreads. It has additional downsides. According to one source, field infestation results in diminished yields in small grain crops. In addition, authorities explain that it hosts disease-causing nematodes and fungi in soybeans and other cultivated plantings. Learning about these objectionable qualities makes it clear why agriculturists don’t promote it.As much as this early season bloomer brightens yards and spirits, my mother’s weed diagnosis is realistic. Anyone living close to farm fields shouldn’t let it reproduce. Those desiring to eat or feed it to livestock can’t spray it. It’s a quandary for sure.Karen Madorin is a retired teacher, writer, photographer, outdoors lover, and sixth-generation Kansan.

MADORIN: Purple season

By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension District

Crabgrass preventers are another name for preemergence herbicides that prevent crabgrass seeds from developing into mature plants. 

Many people have a somewhat foggy idea of how they work and assume they kill the weed seed.&nbsp; Such is not the case. They do not kill the seed or even keep the seed from germinating but rather kill the young plant after it germinates.&nbsp; Therefore, they do not prevent germination but prevent emergence.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

Crabgrass preventers are just that – preventers. With few exceptions they have no effect on existing crabgrass plants, so they must be applied before germination. Additionally, preventers do not last forever once applied to the soil.&nbsp; 

Microorganisms and natural processes begin to gradually break them down soon after they are applied. If some products are applied too early, they may have lost much of their strength by the time they are needed. Most crabgrass preventers are fairly ineffective after about 60 days, but there is considerable variation among products.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

For most of Kansas, crabgrass typically begins to germinate around May 1 or a little later. April 15 is normally a good target date for applying preventer because it gives active ingredients time to evenly disperse in the soil before crabgrass germination starts.&nbsp; 

Even better, base timing on the bloom of ornamental plants. The Eastern Redbud tree is a good choice for this purpose. When the trees in your area approach full bloom, apply crabgrass preventer. A follow-up application will be needed about 8 weeks later unless you are using Dimension or Barricade.&nbsp;

Dimension and Barricade are the only two products that give season-long control of crabgrass from a single application. In fact, they can be applied earlier than April 15 and still have sufficient residual strength to last the season. Barricade can even be applied in late fall for crabgrass control the next season.

Dimension can be applied as early as March 1. Because of the added flexibility in timing, these products are favorites of lawn care companies who have many customers to service in the spring. 

Though Dimension is usually not applied as early as Barricade, it is the herbicide of choice if it must be applied later than recommended. It is the exception to the rule that preemergence herbicides do not kill existing weeds. Dimension can kill crabgrass as long as it is young (two- to three-leaf stage). 

Dimension is also the best choice if treating a lawn that was planted late last fall. Normally a preemergence herbicide is not recommended unless the lawn has been mowed two to four times. But Dimension is kind to young tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, and Kentucky bluegrass seedlings and some formulations can be applied as early as two weeks after the first sign of germination. 

However, read the label of the specific product you wish to use to ensure that this use is allowed. Lawns established in the fall can be safely treated with Dimension the following spring even if they have not been mowed.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698682262753.jpeg" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictCrabgrass preventers are another name for preemergence herbicides that prevent crabgrass seeds from developing into mature plants. Many people have a somewhat foggy idea of how they work and assume they kill the weed seed.&nbsp; Such is not the case. They do not kill the seed or even keep the seed from germinating but rather kill the young plant after it germinates.&nbsp; Therefore, they do not prevent germination but prevent emergence.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Crabgrass preventers are just that – preventers. With few exceptions they have no effect on existing crabgrass plants, so they must be applied before germination. Additionally, preventers do not last forever once applied to the soil.&nbsp; Microorganisms and natural processes begin to gradually break them down soon after they are applied. If some products are applied too early, they may have lost much of their strength by the time they are needed. Most crabgrass preventers are fairly ineffective after about 60 days, but there is considerable variation among products.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;For most of Kansas, crabgrass typically begins to germinate around May 1 or a little later. April 15 is normally a good target date for applying preventer because it gives active ingredients time to evenly disperse in the soil before crabgrass germination starts.&nbsp; Even better, base timing on the bloom of ornamental plants. The Eastern Redbud tree is a good choice for this purpose. When the trees in your area approach full bloom, apply crabgrass preventer. A follow-up application will be needed about 8 weeks later unless you are using Dimension or Barricade.&nbsp;Dimension and Barricade are the only two products that give season-long control of crabgrass from a single application. In fact, they can be applied earlier than April 15 and still have sufficient residual strength to last the season. Barricade can even be applied in late fall for crabgrass control the next season.Dimension can be applied as early as March 1. Because of the added flexibility in timing, these products are favorites of lawn care companies who have many customers to service in the spring. Though Dimension is usually not applied as early as Barricade, it is the herbicide of choice if it must be applied later than recommended. It is the exception to the rule that preemergence herbicides do not kill existing weeds. Dimension can kill crabgrass as long as it is young (two- to three-leaf stage). Dimension is also the best choice if treating a lawn that was planted late last fall. Normally a preemergence herbicide is not recommended unless the lawn has been mowed two to four times. But Dimension is kind to young tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, and Kentucky bluegrass seedlings and some formulations can be applied as early as two weeks after the first sign of germination. However, read the label of the specific product you wish to use to ensure that this use is allowed. Lawns established in the fall can be safely treated with Dimension the following spring even if they have not been mowed.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Crabgrass preventers

By STACY CAMPELL Cottonwood Extension District

For irrigated growers the following can serve as a good refresher or reminder. 

Giving your irrigation system a thorough check-up and tune-up this spring can lead to more effective water application and potentially, to fewer breakdowns or problems during the heart of the irrigation season. 

Even if irrigation has started in places like southwestern Kansas, it’s important to go through this checklist to potentially save energy and costs while irrigating to the best of the system’s abilities. The above-average seasonal temperatures might have made it where some have jumped into irrigation already, though the nights are still cold.

Here are some areas to check before irrigation starts or when the first irrigation occurs. These areas include the pump and pivot itself, but there may be additional areas to consider as this is not an exhaustive list. Some of this checklist might have been done in the fall.

· Clean pipes and structure of animal nests and check for any damage on the wires.

· Check all panel or pump wires for rodent damage.

· Change all lubricants, associated filters, and fluids if not done in the fall: engine, fuel, cooling system.

·  Refill the drip oil reservoir and allow oil to drain into the drip line based on pump column length.

· Grease drive shafts on the pump and motor.

· Check spark plugs on gas, propane, or natural gas motors.

· Ensure that the right-angle gear head is free moving and clean and lubricate non-reverse pins.

· Blow out any in line filters of debris and check for damage

· Flush system thoroughly with drains removed/open to prevent plugging nozzles and pressure regulators.

· Close any drains/ valves that were opened.

·  Most newer pivots have automatic frost drains that do not need maintenance, but it’s a water loss orifice that shouldn’t be overlooked.

·  Tighten all pressure valves back into operation if loosened or removed for winter months

· Run the motor at the normal operating speed for 45 minutes and walk along the system looking for faulty sprinklers. Look for plugging, broken sprinklers, partially opened valves (if present), unusual distribution/movement, and leaks. If no faulty sprinklers, then any hoses and sprinklers that might have fallen off in the winter.

·  Check the pressure at the pivot point and at the end of the system, particularly at the highest point of the field. Compare this to the design pressure indicated in the pivot chart and adjust accordingly.

· Nozzle wear depends on the quality of the water and the system operating pressure. As a rule of thumb, sprinkler replacement should be considered after approximately 10,000-12,000 hours of operation.

·  Be sure to replace malfunctioning nozzles with ones listed on the computer printout you received from the manufacturer (i.e. pivot chart).

·  Visually inspecting the sprinkler in operation before the irrigation season starts can help identify whether water application is uniform and adequate and whether repairs are needed.

· If in an area with water quality concerns, grab some water samples for water quality testing to anticipate necessary mitigation.

· Check the chemigation pump and safety equipment operation.

·  Check hoses and replace them if cracking is noticeable.

· Check for correct air pressure and extreme wear and tear in each pivot tire

Performing a preseason checkup of your irrigation equipment this spring should be part of your regular maintenance schedule. Component wear happens, resulting in less uniform water application, increased energy use, and untimely breakdowns during your irrigation season. Identify and replace worn components now to have your system ready when you need it.

Information provided by Tina Sullivan, Northeast Area Agronomist and Jonathan Aguilar, Water Resources Engineer.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictFor irrigated growers the following can serve as a good refresher or reminder. Giving your irrigation system a thorough check-up and tune-up this spring can lead to more effective water application and potentially, to fewer breakdowns or problems during the heart of the irrigation season. Even if irrigation has started in places like southwestern Kansas, it’s important to go through this checklist to potentially save energy and costs while irrigating to the best of the system’s abilities. The above-average seasonal temperatures might have made it where some have jumped into irrigation already, though the nights are still cold.Here are some areas to check before irrigation starts or when the first irrigation occurs. These areas include the pump and pivot itself, but there may be additional areas to consider as this is not an exhaustive list. Some of this checklist might have been done in the fall.· Clean pipes and structure of animal nests and check for any damage on the wires.· Check all panel or pump wires for rodent damage.· Change all lubricants, associated filters, and fluids if not done in the fall: engine, fuel, cooling system.· Refill the drip oil reservoir and allow oil to drain into the drip line based on pump column length.· Grease drive shafts on the pump and motor.· Check gearboxes for each pivot tower.· Check spark plugs on gas, propane, or natural gas motors.· Ensure that the right-angle gear head is free moving and clean and lubricate non-reverse pins.· Blow out any in line filters of debris and check for damage· Flush system thoroughly with drains removed/open to prevent plugging nozzles and pressure regulators.· Close any drains/ valves that were opened.· Most newer pivots have automatic frost drains that do not need maintenance, but it’s a water loss orifice that shouldn’t be overlooked.· Tighten all pressure valves back into operation if loosened or removed for winter months· Run the motor at the normal operating speed for 45 minutes and walk along the system looking for faulty sprinklers. Look for plugging, broken sprinklers, partially opened valves (if present), unusual distribution/movement, and leaks. If no faulty sprinklers, then any hoses and sprinklers that might have fallen off in the winter.· Check the pressure at the pivot point and at the end of the system, particularly at the highest point of the field. Compare this to the design pressure indicated in the pivot chart and adjust accordingly.· Nozzle wear depends on the quality of the water and the system operating pressure. As a rule of thumb, sprinkler replacement should be considered after approximately 10,000-12,000 hours of operation.· Be sure to replace malfunctioning nozzles with ones listed on the computer printout you received from the manufacturer (i.e. pivot chart).· Visually inspecting the sprinkler in operation before the irrigation season starts can help identify whether water application is uniform and adequate and whether repairs are needed.· If in an area with water quality concerns, grab some water samples for water quality testing to anticipate necessary mitigation.· Check the chemigation pump and safety equipment operation.· Check hoses and replace them if cracking is noticeable.· Check for correct air pressure and extreme wear and tear in each pivot tirePerforming a preseason checkup of your irrigation equipment this spring should be part of your regular maintenance schedule. Component wear happens, resulting in less uniform water application, increased energy use, and untimely breakdowns during your irrigation season. Identify and replace worn components now to have your system ready when you need it.Information provided by Tina Sullivan, Northeast Area Agronomist and Jonathan Aguilar, Water Resources Engineer.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Pre-season irrigation checklist: Maximize efficiency and minimize issues

A classic case of good versus evil is coming to Fort Hays State University this week.

Jekyll &amp; Hyde, the 1990 musical based on Robert Louis Stevenson’s 1886 novella, will run Friday and Saturday at 7:30 p.m. and Sunday, April 13 at 2:30 p.m. in FHSU’s Felten-Start Theatre. 

On this episode of the Hays Post Podcast, Jeff Leiker, host of The Morning Blend on KAYS Radio, talks with&nbsp;Dr. Terry Crull, professor of music and director of Jekyll &amp; Hyde. &nbsp;

<div><iframe title="Post Podcast: 'Jekyll & Hyde' musical presented by FHSU" allowtransparency="true" height="300" width="100%" style="border: none; min-width: min(100%, 430px);height:300px;" scrolling="no" data-name="pb-iframe-player" src="https://www.podbean.com/player-v2/?from=embed&i=8s6zx-1876f8f-pb&square=1&share=1&download=1&fonts=Arial&skin=3267a3&font-color=auto&rtl=0&logo_link=podcast_page&btn-skin=60a0c8&size=300" loading="lazy" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div>A classic case of good versus evil is coming to Fort Hays State University this week.Jekyll &amp; Hyde, the 1990 musical based on Robert Louis Stevenson’s 1886 novella, will run Friday and Saturday at 7:30 p.m. and Sunday, April 13 at 2:30 p.m. in FHSU’s Felten-Start Theatre. On this episode of the Hays Post Podcast, Jeff Leiker, host of The Morning Blend on KAYS Radio, talks with&nbsp;Dr. Terry Crull, professor of music and director of Jekyll &amp; Hyde. &nbsp;

🎙Post Podcast: 'Jekyll & Hyde' musical presented by FHSU this weekend

By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension District

Our HAPp program began in January 2025 and is going strong! 

Participants are learning the basics about hypertension, how to take their blood pressure at home and be in dialogue with their health care provider about the data. They are also learning about lifestyle choices that can affect their blood pressure such as diet, exercise, and stress management.

HAPp offers office hours twice a month that coach participants and answer questions around hypertension. They are also setting goals in relationship to the health goals they want to accomplish. In addition to the office hours, participants, as well as the public, are invited to the nutrition workshops.

We have had two of our nutrition workshops that also include a food demonstration. At our first workshop we discussed the role of fat in our diet and learned about how to read food labels. Our program assistant conducted a food demonstration, and participants were able to taste test a couple of delicious recipes.

The second workshop included a special guest speaker, Dr. Travis Haneke, a cardiologist from Hays Medical Center. Dr. Haneke gave an overview of hypertension from a cardiologist’s point of view and was able to answer detailed questions about what hypertension is and how it affects the body! He was a great addition to the night as we further explored how salt in our diet affects blood pressure. 

We finished the night with another food demonstration from Cottonwood District program assistant, Jacy, and she broke down the numbers for us on how using reduced sodium products in recipes affects the bottom line. We also tasted a couple of great recipes! Black bean soup and a lentil recipe were outstanding!

The participants are reporting great successes including lowered blood pressure readings and just an overall feeling of wellness after a couple months into the program. They enjoy the office hours to troubleshoot specifics for themselves as well as the group support offered at the nutrition programs. 

Most importantly, participants regularly monitor their blood pressure at home to enjoy better health in the long term.

It’s not too late to join us! We have two nutrition programs left scheduled for April 29 and May 27. In April we will discuss cooking with herbs and spices and in May we will explore ways to eat healthy when out and about. Both nights will include food demonstrations and tasting new recipes and foods.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension DistrictOur HAPp program began in January 2025 and is going strong! Participants are learning the basics about hypertension, how to take their blood pressure at home and be in dialogue with their health care provider about the data. They are also learning about lifestyle choices that can affect their blood pressure such as diet, exercise, and stress management.HAPp offers office hours twice a month that coach participants and answer questions around hypertension. They are also setting goals in relationship to the health goals they want to accomplish. In addition to the office hours, participants, as well as the public, are invited to the nutrition workshops.We have had two of our nutrition workshops that also include a food demonstration. At our first workshop we discussed the role of fat in our diet and learned about how to read food labels. Our program assistant conducted a food demonstration, and participants were able to taste test a couple of delicious recipes.The second workshop included a special guest speaker, Dr. Travis Haneke, a cardiologist from Hays Medical Center. Dr. Haneke gave an overview of hypertension from a cardiologist’s point of view and was able to answer detailed questions about what hypertension is and how it affects the body! He was a great addition to the night as we further explored how salt in our diet affects blood pressure. We finished the night with another food demonstration from Cottonwood District program assistant, Jacy, and she broke down the numbers for us on how using reduced sodium products in recipes affects the bottom line. We also tasted a couple of great recipes! Black bean soup and a lentil recipe were outstanding!The participants are reporting great successes including lowered blood pressure readings and just an overall feeling of wellness after a couple months into the program. They enjoy the office hours to troubleshoot specifics for themselves as well as the group support offered at the nutrition programs. Most importantly, participants regularly monitor their blood pressure at home to enjoy better health in the long term.It’s not too late to join us! We have two nutrition programs left scheduled for April 29 and May 27. In April we will discuss cooking with herbs and spices and in May we will explore ways to eat healthy when out and about. Both nights will include food demonstrations and tasting new recipes and foods.

KOERNER: Hypertension Awareness and Prevention program (HAPp) update

Imagine the years of the Dust Bowl and Depression in western Kansas--hard times for the toughest. Residents in Trego County with a little cash could escape in their local theatre. Owner C. B. Kelly made sure his patrons got their money’s worth when they attended movies.

When Kelly rebuilt the theatre, he included heating and cooling systems in its basement so audiences could watch in comfort any time of the year. By 1936, he added a new “washed cooling system.” Based on the description, it may have worked like an evaporative cooler with the local newspaper reporting in the summer of ‘36, “The system had a good workout and keeps temperatures at a low point.”

In addition to regularly updating business infrastructure and adding a marquee in 1936, Kelly invited vaudeville acts to perform during intermissions between his popular Hollywood productions. In the early '30s, Kansan Milburn Stone (later Gunsmoke’s Doc Adams) performed a vaudeville act in the Kelly Theatre with his partner--one-time WaKeeney resident J.O. Strain.

Not only did Kelly hire vaudeville performers to attract crowds, CB encouraged locals to share talent, which resulted in a series of short movies about Trego County life. 

By the late 1930s, one of Kelly’s employees, Avon Gregg accessed a home movie camera. Kelly encouraged him to film current events in the area which were screened along with professional films. 

One production involved Richard Owen’s family near Voda celebrating a 50th wedding anniversary. Gregg also snapped and shared candid street scenes. Another film documented building a bridge over the Smoky Hill south of Voda. One more captured footage of Chas Phillips and Roy Parsons displaying large fish from Seattle while another revealed a local business unloading oranges. The movie of fireman fighting Clifton Brown’s garage fire on Julia Marshall’s property undoubtedly had the crowd holding their breath in alarm. (If anyone has these films, please share them with Trego County Historical Society so they can be digitized and saved.)

A rabbit drive on the Hille Farm southwest of WaKeeney received considerable publicity. According to the Western Kansas World, a crowd of 7,000 from the area and eastern parts of Kansas participated. CB’s employee capitalized and filmed it. According to the Feb. 14, 1935 Western Kansas World, Kelly showed these at the “Kelly Theatre each night for the balance of the week in connection with the rest of the show.”

In addition to showcasing local films, Kelly hired performers such as Buck Owens and his Cowboy Movie Band, The Dixie Ramblers, and “Rita Ty Bel--Hollywood’s Famous Lady Double Actress” to accompany features such as "Storm Over Bengal." His efforts kept his theatre open.

Many consider rabbit drives a sign of hard times. In 1939, Kelly responded with a reduction in admission rates. He dropped Saturday night movie fees to 10 cents each for adults and children. Tuesday and Wednesday attendance required 25 cents for two. No mention appeared regarding Kelly reducing staff, but a July article referenced that CB now “devoted his entire time to the Kelly Theatre and quit managing the Staatz Hotel.”

Though local families struggled throughout the Depression, CB Kelly made certain that the WaKeeney region could forget their troubles at his theatre. 

As a bonus, he encouraged local talent to document residents’ lives and share those films. What a thrill to attend movies and see yourself on screen.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/4/1743778744328.jpeg" alt="Kelley Theatre marquee in WaKeeney. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Kelley Theatre marquee in WaKeeney. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By KAREN MADORINImagine the years of the Dust Bowl and Depression in western Kansas--hard times for the toughest. Residents in Trego County with a little cash could escape in their local theatre. Owner C. B. Kelly made sure his patrons got their money’s worth when they attended movies.When Kelly rebuilt the theatre, he included heating and cooling systems in its basement so audiences could watch in comfort any time of the year. By 1936, he added a new “washed cooling system.” Based on the description, it may have worked like an evaporative cooler with the local newspaper reporting in the summer of ‘36, “The system had a good workout and keeps temperatures at a low point.”In addition to regularly updating business infrastructure and adding a marquee in 1936, Kelly invited vaudeville acts to perform during intermissions between his popular Hollywood productions. In the early '30s, Kansan Milburn Stone (later Gunsmoke’s Doc Adams) performed a vaudeville act in the Kelly Theatre with his partner--one-time WaKeeney resident J.O. Strain.Not only did Kelly hire vaudeville performers to attract crowds, CB encouraged locals to share talent, which resulted in a series of short movies about Trego County life. By the late 1930s, one of Kelly’s employees, Avon Gregg accessed a home movie camera. Kelly encouraged him to film current events in the area which were screened along with professional films. One production involved Richard Owen’s family near Voda celebrating a 50th wedding anniversary. Gregg also snapped and shared candid street scenes. Another film documented building a bridge over the Smoky Hill south of Voda. One more captured footage of Chas Phillips and Roy Parsons displaying large fish from Seattle while another revealed a local business unloading oranges. The movie of fireman fighting Clifton Brown’s garage fire on Julia Marshall’s property undoubtedly had the crowd holding their breath in alarm. (If anyone has these films, please share them with Trego County Historical Society so they can be digitized and saved.)A rabbit drive on the Hille Farm southwest of WaKeeney received considerable publicity. According to the Western Kansas World, a crowd of 7,000 from the area and eastern parts of Kansas participated. CB’s employee capitalized and filmed it. According to the Feb. 14, 1935 Western Kansas World, Kelly showed these at the “Kelly Theatre each night for the balance of the week in connection with the rest of the show.”In addition to showcasing local films, Kelly hired performers such as Buck Owens and his Cowboy Movie Band, The Dixie Ramblers, and “Rita Ty Bel--Hollywood’s Famous Lady Double Actress” to accompany features such as "Storm Over Bengal." His efforts kept his theatre open.Many consider rabbit drives a sign of hard times. In 1939, Kelly responded with a reduction in admission rates. He dropped Saturday night movie fees to 10 cents each for adults and children. Tuesday and Wednesday attendance required 25 cents for two. No mention appeared regarding Kelly reducing staff, but a July article referenced that CB now “devoted his entire time to the Kelly Theatre and quit managing the Staatz Hotel.”Though local families struggled throughout the Depression, CB Kelly made certain that the WaKeeney region could forget their troubles at his theatre. As a bonus, he encouraged local talent to document residents’ lives and share those films. What a thrill to attend movies and see yourself on screen.Karen Madorin is a retired teacher, writer, photographer, outdoors lover, and sixth-generation Kansan.

MADORIN: Kelly Theatre—Part 3

The phone rang early Saturday morning, and on the line was a friend from church inviting me to fish with him that afternoon on a large farm pond out in the sticks in the shadow of Coronado Heights, where he has been part of a lease for years. 

We talked about some of his past fishing adventures there and it brought back memories of fishing on our farm pond in Ohio when I was a kid. 

The first year we owned that farm, we found a spot in a field that never dried out. Government cost-share money was available back then to help build farm ponds, so after required soil testing and meeting other requirements, a dandy little farm pond was built, and stocked with the prescribed fish combination of that era, largemouth bass and bluegills. 

Endless memories were made around that pond, and it reminded me of a farm pond fishing trip Joyce and I took a few years back.

With rods, bait and tackle boxes in hand we clamored down the side of the grassy overgrown dam and onto a roughly built but sturdy dock that put us ten feet out from the bank and four feet above the water. Hooks were baited and cast into the water before us, which rippled slightly with the breeze. That breeze, along with copious amounts of nasty spray, kept the ravenous mosquitoes at bay. 

The sun slid slowly behind nearby trees, leaving its beams to dance upon the rippling water and offering reprieve from the heat as it ushered in the cool evening. Barn swallows by the dozens strafed the pond, either scooping insects from the surface, or snagging them on the wing in mid-air. The deep “harumm” of granddaddy bullfrogs echoed back and forth from behind tufts of cattails. 

One line was baited with liver and fished on the bottom, while the other rig held a feisty Canadian night crawler suspended beneath a bobber. 

After twenty minutes with no action, I climbed the steep grassy bank to the truck to retrieve our ever-present cameras. As my back was turned to open the truck door, Joyce asked “Did you bring the net?” I pondered why she would ask that question when we were fishing in a small farm pond, but when I spun around and saw the pole in her hands bent toward the water like a divining rod, the reason for her question became obvious. I scrambled back down the bank as she hoisted a dandy three-pound channel cat up onto the dock…Welcome to the sport of farm pond fishing!

The agricultural land of central Kansas is dotted with small farm ponds, many out of sight along field drives or in the middle of pastures. Unless a pond is spring-fed, the water in them comes from runoff, so during the dry springs and summers of late, water levels are often low, and some lesser-quality ponds even go dry. The only other down side I can see to fishing farm ponds is the lack of the large variety of fish species found in most Kansas reservoirs. 

Typically, farm ponds contain largemouth bass, channel catfish, bluegills and possibly a few crappies and bullheads. Most ponds are on privately owned property, meaning permission to fish there is required. Once permission is granted however, you will often have the whole place to yourself every time you’re there, because fishing pressure on these ponds is often nil. 

A boat is not usually needed, although a canoe, or one of the popular small two-person crafts can come in handy to get you out past any weeds or moss growing along the bank.&nbsp;The dock from which we fished was the perfect length to get us out beyond the cattails.

Since farm ponds are always fed either by springs or by run-off water, and since most of them are situated in pastures or otherwise grassy surroundings, the water in them is well-filtered before reaching the pond, making them very clean.

So, if you’re used to big-lake fishing for walleye, crappie, white bass or stripers, if you love the drone of a big outboard motor as it pushes your big boat across a big lake, and if the presence of dozens of other fishermen all around you are an important part of your fishing experience, farm pond fishing may not be your gig. 

If, however, you can be happy catching bluegills, channel catfish and largemouth bass from the bank or from a small boat and never see another human being in the process, farm pond fishing may be for you. Sign me up for choice number two! By the way, I declined my friend’s invitation this time because I had this column to write; how ironic! 

Steve can be contacted by email at stevenrgilliland@gmail.com.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574696211722.png" alt="Steve Gilliland. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Steve Gilliland. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By STEVE GILLILAND The phone rang early Saturday morning, and on the line was a friend from church inviting me to fish with him that afternoon on a large farm pond out in the sticks in the shadow of Coronado Heights, where he has been part of a lease for years. We talked about some of his past fishing adventures there and it brought back memories of fishing on our farm pond in Ohio when I was a kid. The first year we owned that farm, we found a spot in a field that never dried out. Government cost-share money was available back then to help build farm ponds, so after required soil testing and meeting other requirements, a dandy little farm pond was built, and stocked with the prescribed fish combination of that era, largemouth bass and bluegills. Endless memories were made around that pond, and it reminded me of a farm pond fishing trip Joyce and I took a few years back.With rods, bait and tackle boxes in hand we clamored down the side of the grassy overgrown dam and onto a roughly built but sturdy dock that put us ten feet out from the bank and four feet above the water. Hooks were baited and cast into the water before us, which rippled slightly with the breeze. That breeze, along with copious amounts of nasty spray, kept the ravenous mosquitoes at bay. The sun slid slowly behind nearby trees, leaving its beams to dance upon the rippling water and offering reprieve from the heat as it ushered in the cool evening. Barn swallows by the dozens strafed the pond, either scooping insects from the surface, or snagging them on the wing in mid-air. The deep “harumm” of granddaddy bullfrogs echoed back and forth from behind tufts of cattails. One line was baited with liver and fished on the bottom, while the other rig held a feisty Canadian night crawler suspended beneath a bobber. After twenty minutes with no action, I climbed the steep grassy bank to the truck to retrieve our ever-present cameras. As my back was turned to open the truck door, Joyce asked “Did you bring the net?” I pondered why she would ask that question when we were fishing in a small farm pond, but when I spun around and saw the pole in her hands bent toward the water like a divining rod, the reason for her question became obvious. I scrambled back down the bank as she hoisted a dandy three-pound channel cat up onto the dock…Welcome to the sport of farm pond fishing!The agricultural land of central Kansas is dotted with small farm ponds, many out of sight along field drives or in the middle of pastures. Unless a pond is spring-fed, the water in them comes from runoff, so during the dry springs and summers of late, water levels are often low, and some lesser-quality ponds even go dry. The only other down side I can see to fishing farm ponds is the lack of the large variety of fish species found in most Kansas reservoirs. Typically, farm ponds contain largemouth bass, channel catfish, bluegills and possibly a few crappies and bullheads. Most ponds are on privately owned property, meaning permission to fish there is required. Once permission is granted however, you will often have the whole place to yourself every time you’re there, because fishing pressure on these ponds is often nil. A boat is not usually needed, although a canoe, or one of the popular small two-person crafts can come in handy to get you out past any weeds or moss growing along the bank.&nbsp;The dock from which we fished was the perfect length to get us out beyond the cattails.Since farm ponds are always fed either by springs or by run-off water, and since most of them are situated in pastures or otherwise grassy surroundings, the water in them is well-filtered before reaching the pond, making them very clean.So, if you’re used to big-lake fishing for walleye, crappie, white bass or stripers, if you love the drone of a big outboard motor as it pushes your big boat across a big lake, and if the presence of dozens of other fishermen all around you are an important part of your fishing experience, farm pond fishing may not be your gig. If, however, you can be happy catching bluegills, channel catfish and largemouth bass from the bank or from a small boat and never see another human being in the process, farm pond fishing may be for you. Sign me up for choice number two! By the way, I declined my friend’s invitation this time because I had this column to write; how ironic! Continue to Explore Kansas Outdoors!Steve can be contacted by email at stevenrgilliland@gmail.com.

Explore Kansas Outdoors: Farm pond fishin’

By ALEXANDRA MIDDLEWOOD Insight Kansas

As a first generation college student who is now a professor, I know firsthand the vital role libraries play in providing access to knowledge and opportunity, especially for those from underserved backgrounds.

At my university, nearly half of the student population is also first-generation, and like me, many have relied on libraries as gateways to education, technology, and personal growth. Though I didn’t grow up in the Sunflower State, my students have shown me how deeply public libraries support communities across Kansas, providing essential resources that foster learning, connection, and a brighter future.

In mid-March President Trump issued an executive order to dismantle the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) to the fullest extent possible — only Congress can fully close the IMLS as it was established by a Congressional act in 1996 — and directs the Office of Management and Budget to reject funding requests from IMLS. It is expected that Trump’s future budget requests will propose to eliminate the IMLS altogether.

This executive order puts essential library resources at risk, especially in rural and low-income communities. IMLS is the primary source of federal funding for libraries across the country and provides approximately $2.1 million in funding to Kansas public libraries annually.

With all 367 public libraries across Kansas relying on this funding, these cuts will have a widespread financial impact and deepen educational disparities across the state.

According to Ray Walling, State Librarian at the State Library of Kansas, the provided funding is “integral to the operations of all Kansas libraries. Our statewide… services could not be offered at current levels without this support.”

Some examples of how the State Library of Kansas uses these funds includes: to support the Summer Reading Program that provides summer reading materials to Kansas libraries, provide access to books for people with disabilities (e.g. Talking Books program, braille and large print books), statewide resource sharing through the Kansas Library Catalog (e.g. interlibrary loan), provide access to state documents via the Kansas Government Information Online Library, statewide access to digital collections of ebooks and audiobooks (e.g. Libby app), and the Kansas Notable Books program that recognizes outstanding titles either written by Kansans or about a Kansas-related topic.

In the past two years, IMLS also provided $10,000 to the Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation to expand the tribe’s reference library for those learning and studying the Potawatomi language and culture; just over $28,000 to Exploration Place in Wichita to provide professional development that led to expansion of the museum’s digital services, allowing them to reach every Kansas county and school district; nearly $50,000 to Independence Community College

to create a publicly accessible online catalog featuring significant playwrights, performing artists, and original manuscripts; and $71,000 to the Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska for the purpose of identifying and documenting culturally significant artifacts and artwork, including creating a virtual repository of photographs and digitized art.

Kansas ranks second in the nation for per capita library visits, reflecting the deep value Kansans place on these essential community hubs. With such high engagement, it’s clear that libraries are not only centers of learning and opportunity but also key components of daily life for Kansans.

Dismantling IMLS isn’t just a budget decision — it’s a decision that will take books out of children’s hands, limit job-seekers' access to technology, and erase vital cultural and historical resources.

Public libraries are more than just buildings filled with books; they are community hubs that empower Kansans to learn, grow, and connect.

As Dr. Seuss once said, “The more that you read, the more things you will know. The more that you learn, the more places you’ll go.” If we truly believe in fostering a future where knowledge and opportunity are within reach for every Kansan, we must work to preserve our libraries before it’s too late.

Alexandra Middlewood, PhD, is an associate professor and chair of the Political Science Department at Wichita State University.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/2/1740007073583.jpeg" alt="Alexandra Middlewood&nbsp;is an associate professor and chair of the Political Science Department at Wichita State University. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Alexandra Middlewood&nbsp;is an associate professor and chair of the Political Science Department at Wichita State University. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALEXANDRA MIDDLEWOOD Insight KansasAs a first generation college student who is now a professor, I know firsthand the vital role libraries play in providing access to knowledge and opportunity, especially for those from underserved backgrounds.At my university, nearly half of the student population is also first-generation, and like me, many have relied on libraries as gateways to education, technology, and personal growth. Though I didn’t grow up in the Sunflower State, my students have shown me how deeply public libraries support communities across Kansas, providing essential resources that foster learning, connection, and a brighter future.In mid-March President Trump issued an executive order to dismantle the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) to the fullest extent possible — only Congress can fully close the IMLS as it was established by a Congressional act in 1996 — and directs the Office of Management and Budget to reject funding requests from IMLS. It is expected that Trump’s future budget requests will propose to eliminate the IMLS altogether.This executive order puts essential library resources at risk, especially in rural and low-income communities. IMLS is the primary source of federal funding for libraries across the country and provides approximately $2.1 million in funding to Kansas public libraries annually.With all 367 public libraries across Kansas relying on this funding, these cuts will have a widespread financial impact and deepen educational disparities across the state.According to Ray Walling, State Librarian at the State Library of Kansas, the provided funding is “integral to the operations of all Kansas libraries. Our statewide… services could not be offered at current levels without this support.”Some examples of how the State Library of Kansas uses these funds includes: to support the Summer Reading Program that provides summer reading materials to Kansas libraries, provide access to books for people with disabilities (e.g. Talking Books program, braille and large print books), statewide resource sharing through the Kansas Library Catalog (e.g. interlibrary loan), provide access to state documents via the Kansas Government Information Online Library, statewide access to digital collections of ebooks and audiobooks (e.g. Libby app), and the Kansas Notable Books program that recognizes outstanding titles either written by Kansans or about a Kansas-related topic.In the past two years, IMLS also provided $10,000 to the Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation to expand the tribe’s reference library for those learning and studying the Potawatomi language and culture; just over $28,000 to Exploration Place in Wichita to provide professional development that led to expansion of the museum’s digital services, allowing them to reach every Kansas county and school district; nearly $50,000 to Independence Community Collegeto create a publicly accessible online catalog featuring significant playwrights, performing artists, and original manuscripts; and $71,000 to the Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska for the purpose of identifying and documenting culturally significant artifacts and artwork, including creating a virtual repository of photographs and digitized art.Kansas ranks second in the nation for per capita library visits, reflecting the deep value Kansans place on these essential community hubs. With such high engagement, it’s clear that libraries are not only centers of learning and opportunity but also key components of daily life for Kansans.Dismantling IMLS isn’t just a budget decision — it’s a decision that will take books out of children’s hands, limit job-seekers' access to technology, and erase vital cultural and historical resources.Public libraries are more than just buildings filled with books; they are community hubs that empower Kansans to learn, grow, and connect.As Dr. Seuss once said, “The more that you read, the more things you will know. The more that you learn, the more places you’ll go.” If we truly believe in fostering a future where knowledge and opportunity are within reach for every Kansan, we must work to preserve our libraries before it’s too late.Alexandra Middlewood, PhD, is an associate professor and chair of the Political Science Department at Wichita State University.

INSIGHT KANSAS: Cutting library funding will cost Kansas communities

By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension District

Understanding spray water quality is a crucial first step for successful herbicide applications for farmers. 

Much of the water used for herbicide applications in Kansas is inherently “hard,” and the quality of water from some wells is decreasing as water resources decrease. 

This article will be a shortened version that will focus on the effects of water quality on herbicide efficacy, particularly in postemergence applications. To see the full article, google <a href="https://eupdate.agronomy.ksu.edu/article/the-role-of-water-quality-on-effective-herbicide-applications-634-3">K-State Agronomy eUpdates</a>.

Three main factors affect water quality in Kansas - turbidity, pH, and hardness.

Turbidity is defined as the clarity of water and is mostly affected by larger particles suspended in the water, such as algae, clay, minerals, or organic matter. 

Poor turbidity is more likely to exist where surface waters such as ponds, streams, or rivers are the source of spray water. These suspended particles interact with many of our herbicides and can influence uptake by the plants, chemical changes at the site-of-action (SOA), and decrease the performance of sprayer equipment. Its effect is severe on cationic (positively charged) herbicides (paraquat and diquat) and herbicides with low soil mobility (glyphosate). 

If turbidity is an issue, chelating agents may be available for use in holding ponds or tanks prior to mixing in the spray tank.

Spray water pH is a measure of acidity or the presence of hydrogen ions. Pure water is neutral, having a pH of 7.0, whereas values below 7 are considered acidic, and values above 7 are basic. 

Kansas surface and subsurface water pH typically ranges from 6.5 to 8.5. Generally, pH values of spray water in Kansas do not have a large effect on the herbicides commonly applied. However, there are some exceptions.

Water hardness is one of the largest issues impacting herbicide applications in Kansas. Hardness is caused by the presence of positively charged minerals (cations) suspended in the water, particularly calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and iron (Fe). 

Because many of our herbicides, notably glyphosate and glufosinate, form weak acids (negatively charged) when mixed in water, cations can bind to herbicide molecules, thus changing how the herbicide is absorbed by the plants and altering its ability to bind at the site of action.

Water hardness can be classified into the following groups based on the total number of cations present expressed in parts per million (ppm): Soft = less than 75 ppm, moderately hard = 75 to 150 ppm, hard = 150 to 300 ppm, and very hard = greater than 300 ppm.

To combat hard water antagonism, water conditioners such as ammonium sulfate (AMS) are recommended with many of our postemergence herbicides. When added to the water prior to the herbicide, AMS produces ammonium ions which bind to the herbicide and prevent other cations from interacting with it. Recommended rates of AMS range from 8.5 to 17 pounds per 100&nbsp;

A handy Excel-based version of this formula can be found at the website: https://sprayers101.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/AMS-Calculator-Sprayers101-1.xlsx

Water quality has a large impact on herbicide efficacy. As water resources decline, water quality can and does change over time. A proper water test is the best way to understand what characteristics are influencing our spray applications and how to mitigate those effects. K-State, as well as several commercial providers, can conduct water tests for a nominal charge.

During the summer of 2025, researchers at K-State will be collecting spray water samples from around the state to test for quality. If you are interested in participating in this study, please contact your local Extension agent. To read about liquid AMS replacements and the full article google <a href="https://eupdate.agronomy.ksu.edu/article/the-role-of-water-quality-on-effective-herbicide-applications-634-3">K-State Agronomy eUpdates</a>.

Information provided by Patrick Geier, Sarah Lancaster, and Jeremie Kouame, K-State Weed Management Specialist.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictUnderstanding spray water quality is a crucial first step for successful herbicide applications for farmers. Much of the water used for herbicide applications in Kansas is inherently “hard,” and the quality of water from some wells is decreasing as water resources decrease. This article will be a shortened version that will focus on the effects of water quality on herbicide efficacy, particularly in postemergence applications. To see the full article, google <a href="https://eupdate.agronomy.ksu.edu/article/the-role-of-water-quality-on-effective-herbicide-applications-634-3">K-State Agronomy eUpdates</a>. Three main factors affect water quality in Kansas - turbidity, pH, and hardness.Turbidity is defined as the clarity of water and is mostly affected by larger particles suspended in the water, such as algae, clay, minerals, or organic matter. Poor turbidity is more likely to exist where surface waters such as ponds, streams, or rivers are the source of spray water. These suspended particles interact with many of our herbicides and can influence uptake by the plants, chemical changes at the site-of-action (SOA), and decrease the performance of sprayer equipment. Its effect is severe on cationic (positively charged) herbicides (paraquat and diquat) and herbicides with low soil mobility (glyphosate). If turbidity is an issue, chelating agents may be available for use in holding ponds or tanks prior to mixing in the spray tank.Spray water pH is a measure of acidity or the presence of hydrogen ions. Pure water is neutral, having a pH of 7.0, whereas values below 7 are considered acidic, and values above 7 are basic. Kansas surface and subsurface water pH typically ranges from 6.5 to 8.5. Generally, pH values of spray water in Kansas do not have a large effect on the herbicides commonly applied. However, there are some exceptions.Water hardness is one of the largest issues impacting herbicide applications in Kansas. Hardness is caused by the presence of positively charged minerals (cations) suspended in the water, particularly calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and iron (Fe). Because many of our herbicides, notably glyphosate and glufosinate, form weak acids (negatively charged) when mixed in water, cations can bind to herbicide molecules, thus changing how the herbicide is absorbed by the plants and altering its ability to bind at the site of action.Water hardness can be classified into the following groups based on the total number of cations present expressed in parts per million (ppm): Soft = less than 75 ppm, moderately hard = 75 to 150 ppm, hard = 150 to 300 ppm, and very hard = greater than 300 ppm.To combat hard water antagonism, water conditioners such as ammonium sulfate (AMS) are recommended with many of our postemergence herbicides. When added to the water prior to the herbicide, AMS produces ammonium ions which bind to the herbicide and prevent other cations from interacting with it. Recommended rates of AMS range from 8.5 to 17 pounds per 100&nbsp;A handy Excel-based version of this formula can be found at the website: https://sprayers101.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/AMS-Calculator-Sprayers101-1.xlsxSUMMARYWater quality has a large impact on herbicide efficacy. As water resources decline, water quality can and does change over time. A proper water test is the best way to understand what characteristics are influencing our spray applications and how to mitigate those effects. K-State, as well as several commercial providers, can conduct water tests for a nominal charge.During the summer of 2025, researchers at K-State will be collecting spray water samples from around the state to test for quality. If you are interested in participating in this study, please contact your local Extension agent. To read about liquid AMS replacements and the full article google <a href="https://eupdate.agronomy.ksu.edu/article/the-role-of-water-quality-on-effective-herbicide-applications-634-3">K-State Agronomy eUpdates</a>.Information provided by Patrick Geier, Sarah Lancaster, and Jeremie Kouame, K-State Weed Management Specialist.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Role of water quality on effective herbicide applications

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SENATE HIGHLIGHTS - WEEKLY OVERVIEW

TOPEKA — The Kansas Legislature wrapped up the regular portion of the 2025 session on Thursday, advancing a comprehensive budget and passing a range of impactful legislation. Key measures included tax reductions, safeguards for Kansas' water future, tougher crime enforcement, and protections to prevent foreign adversaries from owning land in the state. Lawmakers will reconvene on April 10 for a three-day “veto session.”

By a vote of 40-0, the Senate confirmed Lori Bolton Fleming to the Kansas Court of Appeals who also passed unanimously out of the Senate Judiciary committee last week.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_sb125_01_0000.pdf">SB 125</a> is this session’s budget bill. The State General Fund (SGF) budget lowered spending by $210 million from 2025 and cut 1.5% across the board. It fully funds K-12 education including more money for special education, and provides a salary increase to state employees, all while including a reduction in the State General Fund from the prior fiscal year. SB 125 passed the Senate 24-16. I voted yes. Having also passed the House, it now heads to the governor – who can sign or veto the whole budget or sign the budget while using her line-item veto power on provisions she doesn’t approve.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_sb35_01_0325251130am.pdf">SB 35 </a>provides property tax relief and removes the state of Kansas from the property tax business by eliminating the statewide mill levies of 1.0 mills for state educational buildings and 0.5 mills for state institution buildings. SB 35 passed the Senate 40-0. I voted yes. Having also passed the House, it heads to the governor.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/supp_note_hcr5004_01_0000.pdf">HCR 5004</a>, which if approved by voters, would amend Section 1 of Article 5 of the Kansas Constitution to clarify that no person shall be deemed a qualified elector unless such person is a citizen of the United States, has attained the age of 18, resides in the voting area in which such person seeks to vote. HCR 5004 passed 37-3; having already passed the House it will now be on the ballot in November of 2026. I voted yes.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_sb269_02_0324259pm.pdf">SB 269</a>, would provide for reduction in state income and privilege tax rates contingent upon the balance of the Budget Stabilization Fund and growth in the State General Fund (SGF) receipts from income and privilege taxes in excess of the FY 2024 amount, adjusted for inflation. SB 269 passed 30-10. I voted yes. Having already passed the House, it now heads to the governor.

<a href="https://www.kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/hb2164/">HB 2164</a>, which would create and amend law in the Kansas Offender Registration Act to make it unlawful for certain sex offenders to enter onto school property or attend a school activity. HB 2164 passed 36-4. I voted yes.

<a href="https://www.kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/hcr5011/">HCR 5011</a>, which, if adopted by a two-thirds majority of each chamber of the Kansas Legislature and approved by voters, would amend the Kansas Constitution to generally limit, for property tax purposes, the growth of taxable value of any real property to 3 percent per year. The re-passage of this amendment sends it to a conference committee, so the Senate can work out differences between approaches to property tax relief with the House. The amendment passed 30-10. I voted yes. Later in the day, this HCR 5011 failed to pass in the House.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_hb2240_02_3252025.pdf">HB 2240</a>, which would prohibit state agencies from seeking or implementing any public assistance program waiver or other authorization from the federal government that would expand eligibility for any public assistance program or would increase any cost to the State. The bill would also prohibit making certain changes to services for persons with intellectual or developmental disabilities (I/DD) without the express consent or approval of either the Legislature or the Legislative Coordinating Council (LCC). HB 2240 passed 31-9; having also passed the House, it now heads to the governor. I voted yes.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_hb2382_02_3262025.pdf">HB 2382</a>, which would require any school district that offers courses or other instruction regarding human growth, human development, or human sexuality to include, as part of the course or instruction, a human fetal development presentation. The bill would also allow the State Board of Education to establish the rates of compensation that board members receive for regularly scheduled meetings of the State Board and any other in-state meeting for participation in matters of educational interest to the State of Kansas. HB 2382 passed 31-9. I voted yes. Having also passed the House, it is now headed to the governor.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_hb2022_01_1115.pdf">HB 2022</a> would amend the definition of “special election” in election law to mean any election held on the Tuesday following the first Monday in March of any year or on the same day as a general or primary election. The bill would also make conforming amendments to other provisions of election law concerning special elections. HB 2022 passed 29-11; having also passed the House, it is now headed to the governor. I voted yes.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_hb2062_02_0000.pdf">HB 2062</a>&nbsp;would amend law regarding child support to require such support be calculated from the date of conception, to require the court to consider the value of a qualified retirement account in determination of child support orders, and to eliminate the exemption of such accounts from claims to collect child support. The bill would also allow a personal exemption for any unborn child for the purposes of income taxation. HB 2062 passed the Senate 31-9; having also passed the House, it is now headed to the governor. I voted yes.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/sb9/">SB 9</a>&nbsp;creates the Kansas Land and Military Installation Protection Act, which prevents foreign adversaries from owning land within 100 miles of a military installation in Kansas. The legislation was designed to cover most of Kansas. It also prohibits government agencies from purchasing or acquiring drones whose critical components were produced in a country of concern, or whose critical components were produced or owned by a foreign principal. SB 9 passed the Senate 38-1; having also passed the House, it now heads to the governor. I voted yes.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_sb250_01_032520250930am.pdf">SB 250</a> would authorize a manufacturer operating in an eligible facility to make available individualized investigative treatments and allow individuals with life-threatening or severely debilitating illnesses to request an individualized investigational drug, biologic product, or device from such manufacturers. SB 250 passed 40-0; having also passed the House, it is now headed to the governor. I voted yes.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_sb44_01_3252025.pdf">SB 44</a> would declare that antisemitism and antisemitic acts are against the public policy of the state, including, but not limited to, the purposes of public educational institutions and law enforcement agencies. SB 44 passed 39-1; having also passed the House, it is now headed to the governor. I voted yes.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_hb2263_00_0000.pdf">HB 2263</a> would make four commemorative designations of highways and bridges in Kansas. This bill includes the POW MIA Memorial Bridge in Clay County in Senate District #36. The bill passed 40-0. I voted yes. Having also passed the House, it’s headed to the governor.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_hb2030_01_03242025.pdf">HB 2030</a> exempt dealers and manufacturers of trailers from specified provisions of the Vehicle Dealers and Manufacturers Licensing Act. The exemptions would not apply to dealers and manufacturers of semitrailers or travel trailers or to a dealer in the sale or exchange of any type of vehicle other than trailers. HB 2030 passed 40-0. I voted yes. Having also passed the House, it’s headed to the governor.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/sb193/">SB 193</a> would amend the Statewide Opioid Antagonist Protocol by exempting law enforcement agencies from the Protocol’s requirement to utilize a physician medical director or licensed pharmacist unless the agency was electing to use an emergency opioid antagonist dispensed or furnished pursuant to the Protocol. SB 193 passed 40-0. I voted yes. Having also passed the House, it’s headed to the governor.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_hb2168_01_03242025landsurveyreports.pdf">HB 2168</a> would extend the time for land surveyors to file certain public land survey reports with the Secretary of the State Historical Society from 30 days to 90 days. HB 2168 passed 40-0. I voted yes. Having also passed the House, the bill is headed to the governor.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_hb2201_00_0000.pdf">HB 2201</a> would authorize issuance of three new license plates on and after January 1, 2026, including the National FFA tag, the Route 66 Association of Kansas tag and a new black-out tag. It would also amend certain requirements for the issuance of certain specialized plates to military veterans; and amend law regarding personalized license plates and decals on license plates. HB 2201 passed 39-1; having also passed the House, it headed to the governor. I voted yes.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/sb18/">SB 18 </a>would authorize issuance of the Hunter Nation distinctive license plate on and after January 1, 2026. SB 18 passed 28-10. I voted yes. Having also passed the House, it’s now headed to the governor.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/sb241/">SB 241</a> Providing that restrictive covenants in certain contracts are enforceable and not considered a restraint of trade in certain circumstances. SB 241 passed 38-0. I voted yes. Having also passed the House, it’s now headed to the governor.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_hb2075_01_0000.pdf">HB 2075</a> would amend law concerning when law enforcement may take a child under 18 into custody for suspected abuse or neglect; add a procedure for law enforcement to report suspected abuse or neglect to the Secretary for Children and Families for the purposes of initiating an investigation. HB 2075 passed 38-0. I voted yes. Having also passed the House, it’s now headed to the governor.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/supp_note_hb2228_01_0000.pdf">HB 2228</a> requires any political subdivision to hold an open meeting before approving a contingent fee contract for legal services and require such contract to be approved by the Attorney General before becoming effective. HB 2228 passed 28-12. I voted yes. Having also passed the House, it’s headed to the governor.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/sb227/">SB 227</a> would increase tax credit amounts allowed for preservation of historic structures and make changes to the conditions under which different credit amounts are allowed. SB 227 passed 31-9. I voted yes. Having also passed the House, it’s headed to the governor.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_hb2016_01_03242025.pdf">HB 2016</a> would amend various provisions of election law concerning the maintenance of voter registration rolls, qualifications for poll workers and election board judges or clerks, and the solicitation of advance voting ballot applications. HB 2016 passed 40-0. I voted yes. Having also passed the House, it’s now headed to the governor.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/sb139/">SB 139</a> amends State Banking Code in a number of respects. SB 139 passed 40-0. I voted yes. Having also passed the House, it’s now headed to the governor.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/hb2069/">HB 2069</a> would enact four multistate licensure compacts: the School Psychologist Compact, the Dietitian Compact, the Cosmetologist Licensure Compact, and the Physician Assistant Licensure Compact. HB 2069 passed 40-0. I voted yes. Having also passed the House, it’s now headed to the governor.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/hb2069/">HB 2160</a> would establish the Kansas Municipal Employee Whistleblower Act to provide legal protections for municipal employees who report conduct that is dangerous or unlawful and would define terms for purposes of that act. HB 2160 passed 40-0; having also passed the House, it now heads to the governor. I voted yes.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/sb54/">SB 54 </a>would amend the Kansas Code of Civil Procedure to require the disclosure of third-party litigation funding agreements. SB 54 passed 40-0. I voted yes. Having also passed the House, it is now headed to the governor.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/sb135/">SB 135</a> would make technical amendments to law concerning orders issued under the Protection from Abuse Act by reorganizing certain sections to clarify how a protection order may be affected when a child-related order is issued pursuant to another legal action. SB 135 passed 40-0. I voted yes. Having also passed the House, it’s headed to the governor.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/hb2050/">HB 2050</a> would amend the Insurance Code of the State of Kansas relating to the powers, duties, and responsibilities of the Commissioner of Insurance. HB 2050 passed the Senate 40-0; having also passed the House, it’s now headed to the governor. I voted yes.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_hb2056_02_03262025.pdf">HB 2056</a> amend various provisions of election law concerning the crime of false representation of an election official, nominations by political parties, and the testing of certain voting equipment before an election. It clarifies the law regarding impersonation of an election official; prohibits candidates from making a mockery of the election process by allowing candidates only to seek the nomination of one party and requiring candidates to accept the nomination of any party and requiring voting equipment to be tested 30 days before an election. HB 2056 passed the Senate 34-6; having also passed the House, it’s now headed to the governor. I voted yes.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_hb2134_01_20250324pm.pdf">HB 2134</a> would limit the fees that could be charged by a public agency in response to Kansas Open Records Act (KORA) requests and allow a requester to appeal a fee’s reasonableness to the Secretary of Administration if the responding public agency is within the Executive Branch. The bill would also exempt disclosure of certain closed investigations, change the date for counties or district attorneys to report complaints regarding KORA and the Kansas Open Meetings Act (KOMA), and amend provisions concerning public meetings in KOMA. HB 2134 passed 40-0; having also passed the House, it’s now headed to the governor. I voted yes.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_hb2249_01_0000.pdf">HB 2249 </a>would add provisions that would become part of and supplemental to the Rural Emergency Hospital Act. The bill would authorize the Secretary for Aging and Disability Services, upon application by a rural emergency hospital to grant a physical environment waiver for existing nursing facilities to a REH to provide skilled nursing facility care. The bill would also establish the South Central Regional Mental Health Hospital, create a fee fund, update the catchment areas for the state hospitals, rename “Parsons State Hospital and Training Center” to “Parsons State Hospital,” and make technical and conforming amendments. HB 2249 passed 40-0; having also passed the House, it’s now headed to the governor. I voted yes.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_hb2028_03_032525.pdf">HB 2028</a> would amend law concerning the resident senior combination hunting and fishing pass and the Kansas kids combination lifetime hunting and fishing license. The bill would also prohibit non-residents from hunting migratory waterfowl during certain times and in certain places, require the Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks to present certain data in a report to the Legislature, and change the fees for migratory waterfowl habitat stamps. HB 2028 passed 40-0; having also passed the House, it’s now headed to the governor. I voted yes.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/hb2255/">HB 2255</a> would make changes to two programs in the Kansas Department of Agriculture (KDA): the Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP) and the Weights and Measures Program. HB 2255 passed 40-0; having also passed the House, it’s now headed to the governor. I voted yes.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/sb114/">SB 114 </a>would authorize non-public school students and virtual school students participating in a school activity governed by the Kansas State High School Activities Association (KSHSAA) to also participate in certain ancillary school district activities. The bill would amend this law to require participating students to also be permitted to participate in any district-sponsored events, ceremonies, programs, or other functions directly related to the activity. SB 114 passed 32-8; having also passed the House, it’s now headed to the governor. I voted yes.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/sb199/">SB 199</a> would permit year-round fireworks sales under certain conditions and make additional changes (year round sales) to law related to the sale of fireworks. The bill would also designate the existing Fallen Firefighters Memorial adjacent to the Kansas Firefighters Museum in Wichita as the official Fallen Firefighters Memorial of the State of Kansas and would replace the Kansas Firefighters Memorial Advisory Committee with the Kansas Firefighter Memorial Council. SB 199 passed 28-12; having also passed the House, it’s headed to the governor. I voted no – wildfires are a real concern in rural Kansas.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/hb2039/">HB 2039 </a>would amend statutes relating to home health agencies to clarify the definition of “home health agency” for the purposes of credentialing; amend law regarding emergency medical services and EMS providers to clarify authorized activities of paramedics, advanced emergency medical technicians (advanced EMTs), emergency medical technician, and emergency medical responders. HB 2039 passed 40-0; having also passe the House, it’s now headed to the governor. I voted yes.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_hb2172_00_03252025.pdf">HB 2172</a> would create a 16-member Water Program Task Force and a 5-member Water Planning Work Group to study and make recommendations to the Legislature on water policy and funding. HB 2172 passed 40-0; having also passed the House, it’s now headed to the governor. I voted yes.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_sb45_01_032525.pdf">SB 45</a> would establish a statutory calculation, for purposes of accreditation, of the four-year adjusted cohort graduation rate for each school district and any schools within the district, including virtual. SB 45 passed 40-0. I voted yes. Having also passed the House, it is headed to the governor.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_hb2054_01_3262025.pdf">HB 2054</a> would modernize our campaign finance statutes by increasing contribution limits to candidates and political parties. HB 2054 addresses adjusts limits to limits to inflation with House limits to go from $500 to $1000; State Senate limits from $1000 to $2000; and limits for statewide candidates from $2000 to $4000. HB 2054 passed 26-14; having also passed the House, it is now headed to the governor. I voted no.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_sb50_01_0325251pm.pdf">SB 50</a> would establish uniform interest rates, repayment schedules, and fees for all scholarships, grants, or other student financial aid program established in law (KSA Chapter 74, Article 32) under the authority of the State Board of Regents. SB 50 passed 40-0. I voted yes. Having also passed the House, it is headed to the governor. SB 64 would amend Kansas Public Employees Retirement System (KPERS) statutes. The bill would extend the timeline for a KPERS member to request an administrative hearing to appeal a decision made by the KPERS Board of Trustees without a hearing. The bill would also update KPERS statutes to align with federal Internal Revenue Code (IRC) regulations. SB 64 passed 39-1. I voted yes. Having also passed the House, it is headed to the governor.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_hb2122_00_0000.pdf">HB 2122</a> would amend law regarding registration fees of trucks, truck tractors, and electric and hybrid vehicles. HB 2122 passed 40-0; having also passed the House, it is headed to the governor. I voted yes.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_sb126_01_032620250830am.pdf">SB 126</a> would update the current newborn screening program to establish the Advance Universal Newborn Screening Program, increase the minimum statutory state financial assistance to local health department, and increase the hospital provider annual assessment on services rate. SB 126 passed 40-0; having also passed the House, it is headed to the governor. I voted yes.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_hb2334_01_3252025.pdf">HB 2334</a> contains a number of provisions: It would amend the Insurance Holding Company Act, Uniform Insurance Agents Licensing Act, Public Adjusters Licensing Act, Captive Insurance Act, and current law to allow travel insurance to be filed under either an accident and health or inland marine line of insurance. HB 2334 passed 40-0; having also passed the House, it is headed to the governor. I voted yes.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_hb2183_01_0326.pdf">HB 2183</a> would prohibit a state court or an administrative hearing officer hearing an administrative action from deferring to an Executive Branch agency’s interpretation of certain statutes, rules and regulations, and documents that have the force and effect of law. The bill would allow for the court or officer to consider the agency’s interpretation, but they would be required to interpret the meaning and effect of such statute, rules and regulation, or document as if it were new. The bill would require courts to exercise any remaining doubt regarding matters defined above, in a way that is consistent with an individual’s fundamental constitutional rights. HB 2183 passed 30-10. I voted yes.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_hb2342_01_0000.pdf">HB 2342 </a>would authorize the Secretary of Commerce to request the Kansas Bureau of Investigation (KBI) conduct a state and national criminal history record check on any final&nbsp;applicant or an employee in a sensitive position within the Department of Commerce and would require the Secretary of Labor to conduct state and national criminal history record checks on. HB 2342 passed 40-0. I voted yes. Having also passed the House, it is headed to the governor.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_hb2347_01_0325.pdf">HB 2347 </a>would amend and create laws related to the crimes of theft, buying sexual relations, criminal use of a financial card, and unlawful use of a laser pointer. HB 2347 passed 40-0. I voted yes.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/hb2371/">HB 2371</a> would make amendments to the Revised Limited Liability Company Act to specify document forms and signature and delivery options and clarify filing fee limits and amend the Business Entity Transactions Act. HB 2371 passed 40-0. I voted yes. Having also passed the House, it is now headed to the governor.

<a href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_sb21_01_032625.pdf">SB 21</a> would amend the Kansas Parimutuel Racing Act to change certain licensing requirements regarding live horse racing and to alter the distribution of moneys from certain funds. SB 21 passed 37-3. I voted yes. Having already passed the House, it is now headed to the governor.

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