Just as I have no clue how a weather front can affect fish that spend their lives under water, I also fail to grasp how the dreadful heat can affect both my physical and mental state as I sit in an air-conditioned home, but for me it certainly does. As I sat in front of my computer today searching for words to put on the screen, I found this old column from years ago and decided it warrants dusting off for this week.

During a hot, dry spell a few years back, a friend told me she’d been hearing the call of a “rain crow” and asked me if I knew what kind of bird it was. She also said she had been seeing “sundogs” in the evening and that they were both supposedly predictors of rain. Now I remember someone’s grandpa talking about a rain crow when I was a kid, or storm crow as he called it, and I knew absolutely zero about sundogs, but given their supposed rain prediction powers, I delved deeper.

I found numerous references to a “rain crow” and all seemed to agree that it was in fact a Yellow- Billed Cuckoo (which does not appear in any Kansas bird books I own.) Few, however wanted to stick their neck out concerning its rain prediction ability; one website tossed around the figure of 3 days from first hearing one until rain. Sundogs on the other hand, were quite a popular subject, and are ice crystals high in the atmosphere that, when sunlight shines through them can give the illusion of a second or third sun on each side of the actual sun. I’ve seen sun dogs a couple times over the years in the winter. But once again, however, sundogs ties to predicting rain were sparse.

My search turned up so many proverbs and “old wives’ tales” concerning rain that I decided to enlist the help of Ross Jansen, Meteorologist at KWCH TV channel 12 and play an Exploring Kansas Outdoors version of Myth Busters. I read several rain prediction fables to Ross over the phone and got his take on each. Concerning sundogs, Ross said there is some correct science in tying sundogs to rain, in that the same ice crystals that cause them have the ability to form clouds containing rain. But as far as them predicting rain, Ross was hesitant to agree to that. Next, I asked him about a ring around the moon predicting rain, and again he said that a ring around the moon indeed meant there was moisture at some level, but said it was so high up that the chance of it finding its way to us in the form of rain was nil. “Red sky at night, sailors delight; red sky in morning, sailors take warning” is another widely quoted proverb about rain. Since weather patterns typically move across the country from west to east, the gist of the explanation is that a red morning sky means we are seeing sunlight through a weather system yet to come, while a red evening sky means we are seeing a weather system moving away from us. Ross said he has indeed noticed that morning thunderstorms often bring with them a red morning sky, and that there was again some correct science accompanying the tale. But also like the previous two fables, he felt it was a stretch to say that they actually predicted rain. We agreed to call these three myths SEMI-BUSTED.

Another proverb I found read “When grass is dry at night, look for rain before the light; when grass is dry at morning light, look for rain before the night.” This one uses the presence or absence of dew at certain times to predict rain. Ross says that the presence or absence of dew depends solely on night time temperatures and dew point temperatures and saw no link between them and a prediction for rain. We declared this one BUSTED. The next was an Indian proverb that says “If the moon is red, of rain she

speaks.” Ross said a red moon is red only because of smoke or dust; again BUSTED. Next, I asked him about something I’ve always thought to be a rain predictor, that being the fact that birds fly lower and congregate on power lines just before a storm because the lower air pressure preceding a storm makes it tough for them to attain lift and fly. He debunked that also by telling me that when air pressure is low, the air as a whole actually rises; BUSTED again.

I could literally spend the next month cussing and discussing all the old-time weather fables and proverbs I found while writing this piece. To those of you who put stock in any of the rain predictors I cast doubt upon, I’m sorry to have rained on your parade (yes, most certainly pun intended) even though I’m certain some of these hold true some of the time. Ross even told me that his mom swears by an old tale that says it will rain 100 days after a fog; she even keeps track of it on her calendar. Maybe that will win me back some points and make you feel better again about your favorite weather tales knowing that the weather guy’s mom even believes them!

Steve can be contacted by email at stevenrgilliland@gmail.com

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574696211722.png" alt="Steve Gilliland (Courtesy photo)" />
 <figcaption>Steve Gilliland (Courtesy photo)</figcaption>
 </figure>Just as I have no clue how a weather front can affect fish that spend their lives under water, I also fail to grasp how the dreadful heat can affect both my physical and mental state as I sit in an air-conditioned home, but for me it certainly does. As I sat in front of my computer today searching for words to put on the screen, I found this old column from years ago and decided it warrants dusting off for this week.During a hot, dry spell a few years back, a friend told me she’d been hearing the call of a “rain crow” and asked me if I knew what kind of bird it was. She also said she had been seeing “sundogs” in the evening and that they were both supposedly predictors of rain. Now I remember someone’s grandpa talking about a rain crow when I was a kid, or storm crow as he called it, and I knew absolutely zero about sundogs, but given their supposed rain prediction powers, I delved deeper.I found numerous references to a “rain crow” and all seemed to agree that it was in fact a Yellow- Billed Cuckoo (which does not appear in any Kansas bird books I own.) Few, however wanted to stick their neck out concerning its rain prediction ability; one website tossed around the figure of 3 days from first hearing one until rain. Sundogs on the other hand, were quite a popular subject, and are ice crystals high in the atmosphere that, when sunlight shines through them can give the illusion of a second or third sun on each side of the actual sun. I’ve seen sun dogs a couple times over the years in the winter. But once again, however, sundogs ties to predicting rain were sparse.My search turned up so many proverbs and “old wives’ tales” concerning rain that I decided to enlist the help of Ross Jansen, Meteorologist at KWCH TV channel 12 and play an Exploring Kansas Outdoors version of Myth Busters. I read several rain prediction fables to Ross over the phone and got his take on each. Concerning sundogs, Ross said there is some correct science in tying sundogs to rain, in that the same ice crystals that cause them have the ability to form clouds containing rain. But as far as them predicting rain, Ross was hesitant to agree to that. Next, I asked him about a ring around the moon predicting rain, and again he said that a ring around the moon indeed meant there was moisture at some level, but said it was so high up that the chance of it finding its way to us in the form of rain was nil. “Red sky at night, sailors delight; red sky in morning, sailors take warning” is another widely quoted proverb about rain. Since weather patterns typically move across the country from west to east, the gist of the explanation is that a red morning sky means we are seeing sunlight through a weather system yet to come, while a red evening sky means we are seeing a weather system moving away from us. Ross said he has indeed noticed that morning thunderstorms often bring with them a red morning sky, and that there was again some correct science accompanying the tale. But also like the previous two fables, he felt it was a stretch to say that they actually predicted rain. We agreed to call these three myths SEMI-BUSTED.Another proverb I found read “When grass is dry at night, look for rain before the light; when grass is dry at morning light, look for rain before the night.” This one uses the presence or absence of dew at certain times to predict rain. Ross says that the presence or absence of dew depends solely on night time temperatures and dew point temperatures and saw no link between them and a prediction for rain. We declared this one BUSTED. The next was an Indian proverb that says “If the moon is red, of rain shespeaks.” Ross said a red moon is red only because of smoke or dust; again BUSTED. Next, I asked him about something I’ve always thought to be a rain predictor, that being the fact that birds fly lower and congregate on power lines just before a storm because the lower air pressure preceding a storm makes it tough for them to attain lift and fly. He debunked that also by telling me that when air pressure is low, the air as a whole actually rises; BUSTED again.I could literally spend the next month cussing and discussing all the old-time weather fables and proverbs I found while writing this piece. To those of you who put stock in any of the rain predictors I cast doubt upon, I’m sorry to have rained on your parade (yes, most certainly pun intended) even though I’m certain some of these hold true some of the time. Ross even told me that his mom swears by an old tale that says it will rain 100 days after a fog; she even keeps track of it on her calendar. Maybe that will win me back some points and make you feel better again about your favorite weather tales knowing that the weather guy’s mom even believes them!Continue to Explore Kansas Outdoors.Steve can be contacted by email at stevenrgilliland@gmail.com

Exploring Outdoor Kansas: Of Rain Crows and Sundogs

Kansas today is an increasingly urban state.&nbsp; More precisely, it is mostly&nbsp;suburban.&nbsp; More than half the state’s population lives in just five counties– Johnson, Sedgwick, Shawnee, Wyandotte, and Douglas.&nbsp; In many of these communities, most people choose to live not in the city’s core, but rather in the suburban areas around it.&nbsp; The state’s most populated county, Johnson, is entirely suburban except for disappearing, rural southern and western edges.

In Kansas and all over the United States, suburban communities were established and grew based on restrictive zoning that strongly favored single-family houses on medium-sized or large lots, along with the Interstate highway system.&nbsp; The move to the suburbs often excluded lower income people and those of color, who had great difficulties getting home loans from bankers or cooperation from realtors.&nbsp; Many were simply told they were not welcome.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Later, when middle class people of color did seek to relocate, they were often steered to certain suburban locations and away from others by realtors, which is called “blockbusting.”&nbsp; This is what happened to the south Kansas City, MO&nbsp;<a href="https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/15154?show=full" target="_blank">community of Hickman Mills</a>, where I grew up, along with nearby Grandview.&nbsp; Life was pretty good in our increasingly diverse community, until white families started moving out in droves.

Today, the suburban model is being re-thought.&nbsp; Lawrence city officials are creating a&nbsp;<a href="https://lawrencekstimes.com/2022/08/29/what-is-lawrence-land-development-code/" target="_blank">new land development code</a>&nbsp;emphasizing mixed-use neighborhoods, walking, cycling, and public transportation, and more multifamily housing. In Wichita, the Sedgwick County commission&nbsp;<a href="https://www.kansas.com/news/politics-government/article272573670.html" target="_blank">recently rezoned</a>&nbsp;a suburban area for duplexes amidst controversy.&nbsp; Topeka officials shot down a plan to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ksnt.com/news/topeka-city-council-rejects-rezoning-proposal/" target="_blank">rezone a parcel of land</a>&nbsp;for a drug treatment facility.&nbsp; Opponents argued that a citywide development plan was needed first.

The rezoning fight turned particularly hostile in Prairie Village, a small suburb in northeast Johnson County.&nbsp; It was originally developed in the 1940s by developer J.C. Nichols, who created Kansas City’s Country Club Plaza.&nbsp; Prairie Village is comfortable, with plenty of trees and parks.&nbsp; It is accessible and walkable, has great schools, and is an easy drive to the downtowns of both Kansas Cities.&nbsp; Today, most homes there cost $300,000-$500,000.

Unfortunately, Nichols also included the notorious&nbsp;<a href="https://www.kcur.org/news/2021-11-17/racial-covenants-a-relic-of-the-past-are-still-on-the-books-across-the-country" target="_blank">restrictive deed covenants</a>, which held that “none of said land may be conveyed to, used, owned, or occupied by negroes as owners or tenants.”&nbsp; These cannot be enforced today due to court rulings, federal, and state laws, but they remain in the property deeds.&nbsp;

With property costs rising, Prairie Village Mayor Eric Mikkelson and allies propose reforming one of the most protected aspects of suburban life– property zoning.&nbsp; They seek more multifamily housing such as apartments and condominiums, plus allowing property owners to construct “granny flats”– small auxiliary housing that owners rent out for extra income.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Prairie Villagers are also concerned about “teardowns”-- well-to-do people buying older, smaller houses just for the lots, tearing them down, and building a larger house. These push up property assessments for the whole community, crowding out neighbors with modest incomes who can no longer afford the property taxes.

The inevitable backlash came with Prairie Village United.&nbsp; They want all rezoning decided parcel by parcel, rather than a citywide growth plan.&nbsp; They also want to limit the mayor’s powers.&nbsp; A PV United supporter recently won a city council seat.&nbsp; Tensions run high at&nbsp;<a href="https://shawneemissionpost.com/2023/08/21/prairie-village-housing-zoning-dispute-210243/" target="_blank">public meetings</a>.

Today’s suburbs were built with highway commuting, blockbusting, and exclusive zoning.&nbsp; With housing costs skyrocketing and Kansas becoming mostly suburban, a re-think in order.&nbsp; Controversies in Wichita, Topeka, and Prairie Village show that it will not be easy.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/12/1576785940426.png" alt="Michael Smith is a professor at Emporia State University." />
 <figcaption>Michael Smith is a professor at Emporia State University.</figcaption>
 </figure>Kansas today is an increasingly urban state.&nbsp; More precisely, it is mostly&nbsp;suburban.&nbsp; More than half the state’s population lives in just five counties– Johnson, Sedgwick, Shawnee, Wyandotte, and Douglas.&nbsp; In many of these communities, most people choose to live not in the city’s core, but rather in the suburban areas around it.&nbsp; The state’s most populated county, Johnson, is entirely suburban except for disappearing, rural southern and western edges.In Kansas and all over the United States, suburban communities were established and grew based on restrictive zoning that strongly favored single-family houses on medium-sized or large lots, along with the Interstate highway system.&nbsp; The move to the suburbs often excluded lower income people and those of color, who had great difficulties getting home loans from bankers or cooperation from realtors.&nbsp; Many were simply told they were not welcome.&nbsp;&nbsp;Later, when middle class people of color did seek to relocate, they were often steered to certain suburban locations and away from others by realtors, which is called “blockbusting.”&nbsp; This is what happened to the south Kansas City, MO&nbsp;<a href="https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/15154?show=full" target="_blank">community of Hickman Mills</a>, where I grew up, along with nearby Grandview.&nbsp; Life was pretty good in our increasingly diverse community, until white families started moving out in droves.Today, the suburban model is being re-thought.&nbsp; Lawrence city officials are creating a&nbsp;<a href="https://lawrencekstimes.com/2022/08/29/what-is-lawrence-land-development-code/" target="_blank">new land development code</a>&nbsp;emphasizing mixed-use neighborhoods, walking, cycling, and public transportation, and more multifamily housing. In Wichita, the Sedgwick County commission&nbsp;<a href="https://www.kansas.com/news/politics-government/article272573670.html" target="_blank">recently rezoned</a>&nbsp;a suburban area for duplexes amidst controversy.&nbsp; Topeka officials shot down a plan to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ksnt.com/news/topeka-city-council-rejects-rezoning-proposal/" target="_blank">rezone a parcel of land</a>&nbsp;for a drug treatment facility.&nbsp; Opponents argued that a citywide development plan was needed first.The rezoning fight turned particularly hostile in Prairie Village, a small suburb in northeast Johnson County.&nbsp; It was originally developed in the 1940s by developer J.C. Nichols, who created Kansas City’s Country Club Plaza.&nbsp; Prairie Village is comfortable, with plenty of trees and parks.&nbsp; It is accessible and walkable, has great schools, and is an easy drive to the downtowns of both Kansas Cities.&nbsp; Today, most homes there cost $300,000-$500,000.Unfortunately, Nichols also included the notorious&nbsp;<a href="https://www.kcur.org/news/2021-11-17/racial-covenants-a-relic-of-the-past-are-still-on-the-books-across-the-country" target="_blank">restrictive deed covenants</a>, which held that “none of said land may be conveyed to, used, owned, or occupied by negroes as owners or tenants.”&nbsp; These cannot be enforced today due to court rulings, federal, and state laws, but they remain in the property deeds.&nbsp;With property costs rising, Prairie Village Mayor Eric Mikkelson and allies propose reforming one of the most protected aspects of suburban life– property zoning.&nbsp; They seek more multifamily housing such as apartments and condominiums, plus allowing property owners to construct “granny flats”– small auxiliary housing that owners rent out for extra income.&nbsp;&nbsp;Prairie Villagers are also concerned about “teardowns”-- well-to-do people buying older, smaller houses just for the lots, tearing them down, and building a larger house. These push up property assessments for the whole community, crowding out neighbors with modest incomes who can no longer afford the property taxes.The inevitable backlash came with Prairie Village United.&nbsp; They want all rezoning decided parcel by parcel, rather than a citywide growth plan.&nbsp; They also want to limit the mayor’s powers.&nbsp; A PV United supporter recently won a city council seat.&nbsp; Tensions run high at&nbsp;<a href="https://shawneemissionpost.com/2023/08/21/prairie-village-housing-zoning-dispute-210243/" target="_blank">public meetings</a>.Today’s suburbs were built with highway commuting, blockbusting, and exclusive zoning.&nbsp; With housing costs skyrocketing and Kansas becoming mostly suburban, a re-think in order.&nbsp; Controversies in Wichita, Topeka, and Prairie Village show that it will not be easy.&nbsp;

INSIGHT KANSAS: How municipal primaries are changing

From the high plains of north-central Kansas, Fort Hays State University oﬀers exceptional, proven academic quality at an unmatched price. We know the journey to success begins with accessibility—so we give students an education that empowers their future without the burden of high tuition. That’s a promise no one else can match, and that, we believe, makes FHSU the best value in higher education anywhere.

We unlock the untapped potential of students by oﬀering a robust education at a price that will not be a financial burden. Go ahead and compare tuition. We’re proud to say that attending FHSU costs about 50% less than the national average for nearly every student. This academic year, the national average for tuition and fees for a full-time undergraduate student is $10,423; for the public universities in Kansas, $8,543; and for FHSU, $5,634.

But let’s go a little deeper. The Foundation for Research on Equal Opportunity (FREEOPP.org) set out to provide a meaningful way to evaluate universities. Preston Cooper, a research fellow at the non-profit organization, determined the College Scorecard data from the U.S. Department of Education, which provides earnings results for those students receiving federal financial aid from over 30,000 bachelor’s degree programs at U.S. colleges and universities, would be a great place to start.

Cooper then supplemented the Scorecard results with information from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to ultimately derive what he labels “Lifetime Return on Investment” or more frequently referred to as ROI in financial circles.

ROI is defined as the present value of lifetime earnings with a college degree, minus the present discounted value of counterfactual earnings (the amount that the same student would have earned over the course of her life had she not gone to college), minus the cost of tuition, required fees, books, and equipment.

This process allows for comparison across universities and programs within the same university. It also helps students answer the question: Will this credential lead to a better-paying job than my alternative?

So, how does FHSU stack up regarding its programs and overall? That’s where our “value” story really starts to shine.

Across the 27 bachelor programs evaluated in the research, every Fort Hays State University program provided a positive return on investment!

To provide some context on that result, roughly 30 percent of bachelor programs across the 30,000 programs studied return a negative ROI, so having no programs with a negative ROI, regardless of the program of study, is quite impressive.

From a state of Kansas perspective, FHSU is the only public state university with all programs indicating a positive ROI, with Washburn University being the only other public state university

to match that feat. Across all 27 programs in the study, FHSU observes an average weighted ROI of just north of $400,000!

Not only are these results life-changing, but the state of Kansas, which is ultimately the home to a large majority of these graduates, also reaps an outsized benefit.

As the study utilized graduates from 2015 through 2017, an additional level of insight provided involves the impact on the value-added earnings of graduates in the communities where they live and work

Looking across the 27 programs evaluated at FHSU, the cumulative lifetime ROI programs provided an economic impact of more than $1.1 billion from the students who graduated during the study period.

As some programs may graduate fewer students than others while still providing higher levels of ROI, the researcher also looked at what he called the “Most Valuable Players (MVP)” to provide additional context to the programs that show an outsized community economic impact on ROI.

For FHSU, our MVPs included Registered Nursing, Nursing Administration, Nursing Research and Clinical Nursing ($263 million); Liberal Arts and Sciences, General Studies and Humanities ($177 million); and Teacher Education and Professional Development, Specific Levels and Methods ($99 million).

Our Liberal Arts degree was called out by name in FREEOPP.org’s ‘Ranking the 50 State Public University Systems on Prices &amp; Outcomes’ report as “unexpectedly valuable degrees abound in the Sunflower State: Fort Hays State University offers a liberal arts degree worth $234,000.”

We are proud to say all our programs evaluated in the study provide students with a positive lifetime ROI. Our three highest ROI programs are Management Information Systems, Registered Nursing, Nursing Administration, Nursing Research and Clinical Nursing, and Business.

FHSU offers a world-class higher education experience at an unbeatable price, with a lifetime positive return on investment for our graduates and numerous intangible benefits to the Kansas communities where our outstanding alumni live and serve. No matter how you slice the data in this independent study, the value of Fort Hays State University shines through, highlighting one more reason why we are proud to say we are the best value in education anywhere.

Tisa Mason is president of Fort Hays State University.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/12/1575301942236.jpeg" alt="Tisa Mason, FHSU president. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Tisa Mason, FHSU president. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>From the high plains of north-central Kansas, Fort Hays State University oﬀers exceptional, proven academic quality at an unmatched price. We know the journey to success begins with accessibility—so we give students an education that empowers their future without the burden of high tuition. That’s a promise no one else can match, and that, we believe, makes FHSU the best value in higher education anywhere.We unlock the untapped potential of students by oﬀering a robust education at a price that will not be a financial burden. Go ahead and compare tuition. We’re proud to say that attending FHSU costs about 50% less than the national average for nearly every student. This academic year, the national average for tuition and fees for a full-time undergraduate student is $10,423; for the public universities in Kansas, $8,543; and for FHSU, $5,634.But let’s go a little deeper. The Foundation for Research on Equal Opportunity (FREEOPP.org) set out to provide a meaningful way to evaluate universities. Preston Cooper, a research fellow at the non-profit organization, determined the College Scorecard data from the U.S. Department of Education, which provides earnings results for those students receiving federal financial aid from over 30,000 bachelor’s degree programs at U.S. colleges and universities, would be a great place to start.Cooper then supplemented the Scorecard results with information from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to ultimately derive what he labels “Lifetime Return on Investment” or more frequently referred to as ROI in financial circles.ROI is defined as the present value of lifetime earnings with a college degree, minus the present discounted value of counterfactual earnings (the amount that the same student would have earned over the course of her life had she not gone to college), minus the cost of tuition, required fees, books, and equipment.This process allows for comparison across universities and programs within the same university. It also helps students answer the question: Will this credential lead to a better-paying job than my alternative?So, how does FHSU stack up regarding its programs and overall? That’s where our “value” story really starts to shine.Across the 27 bachelor programs evaluated in the research, every Fort Hays State University program provided a positive return on investment!To provide some context on that result, roughly 30 percent of bachelor programs across the 30,000 programs studied return a negative ROI, so having no programs with a negative ROI, regardless of the program of study, is quite impressive.From a state of Kansas perspective, FHSU is the only public state university with all programs indicating a positive ROI, with Washburn University being the only other public state universityto match that feat. Across all 27 programs in the study, FHSU observes an average weighted ROI of just north of $400,000!Not only are these results life-changing, but the state of Kansas, which is ultimately the home to a large majority of these graduates, also reaps an outsized benefit.As the study utilized graduates from 2015 through 2017, an additional level of insight provided involves the impact on the value-added earnings of graduates in the communities where they live and workLooking across the 27 programs evaluated at FHSU, the cumulative lifetime ROI programs provided an economic impact of more than $1.1 billion from the students who graduated during the study period.As some programs may graduate fewer students than others while still providing higher levels of ROI, the researcher also looked at what he called the “Most Valuable Players (MVP)” to provide additional context to the programs that show an outsized community economic impact on ROI.For FHSU, our MVPs included Registered Nursing, Nursing Administration, Nursing Research and Clinical Nursing ($263 million); Liberal Arts and Sciences, General Studies and Humanities ($177 million); and Teacher Education and Professional Development, Specific Levels and Methods ($99 million).Our Liberal Arts degree was called out by name in FREEOPP.org’s ‘Ranking the 50 State Public University Systems on Prices &amp; Outcomes’ report as “unexpectedly valuable degrees abound in the Sunflower State: Fort Hays State University offers a liberal arts degree worth $234,000.”We are proud to say all our programs evaluated in the study provide students with a positive lifetime ROI. Our three highest ROI programs are Management Information Systems, Registered Nursing, Nursing Administration, Nursing Research and Clinical Nursing, and Business.FHSU offers a world-class higher education experience at an unbeatable price, with a lifetime positive return on investment for our graduates and numerous intangible benefits to the Kansas communities where our outstanding alumni live and serve. No matter how you slice the data in this independent study, the value of Fort Hays State University shines through, highlighting one more reason why we are proud to say we are the best value in education anywhere.Tisa Mason is president of Fort Hays State University.

Heart of a Tiger: The unmatched value of an FHSU education

A new century prompted continued development for nation, state, region, and schools. Keeping up with the times, Ellis citizens adapted and steadily promoted education in their community.

The 1901 school year introduced new staff. C.A. Strong served as principal, while Misses McCracken, McGee, Walker, and Harris filled teaching positions. A 15-mill levy funded a 9-month school year. Their first challenge was an expensive state-mandated change of text books. Back-ordered books lead to a multi-week school postponement. 

While several districts started school anyway, Ellis complied with the ordinance. Board notes indicate the expense was great.

To promote graduation, the class of 1901 was asked to organize the Ellis Alumni Association, which still exists. According to Maxine Bradbury, the Association held their first observance in 1902, initiating three precedents the group followed for many years: the senior class presented a program for alumni members, the organization presented a five-dollar award to the valedictorian, and they held a baseball game between the alumni and seniors the afternoon of their observances.

At some point in 1903, community members settled their differences and passed a bond election to add on to the existing stone building. The school board advertised for bidders to furnish labor and material to build a four-room addition. Because of delays, the addition was not completed until the fall 1904 term. The board also upgraded the original building by installing a heating plant. The type of fuel used was not mentioned.

By 1904, staff included Superintendent B.E. Ford, Miss Dale, Professor Griggs, Miss Samuels, Miss Jackson, Miss McClure, and Miss Harry. A new course of high school study was introduced.

•First Year Second Year Third Year Fourth Year

•Algebra Algebra/Arithmetic Algebra Geometry

•German German (Caesar) English English Literature

•English American History/Civics German (Virgil) English History

•Physical Geography Botany Greek History/Roman History Zoology

In 1905, rumors ran rampant prior to the annual school board meeting because the newspaper editor had commented on reports “circulated that there would be only an eight-month term and that the high school would be done away with.” As a result, supporters of both the 9-month term and high school attended to ensure the board made no such changes. 

Members voted a 17-mill levy for school purposes and an additional 2-mills to pay for the addition and the heating plant. Later, the board voted to renovate the original schoolhouse.

By 1905, academics constituted only part of the curriculum. Baseball games between classes became a popular part of the program. By 1907, the tax levy had risen to 25-mills, and debate had become an active part of course work. 

Because Ellis was a railroad town, teams traveled by train to surrounding towns on the UPRR line to debate topics such as “Be it resolved that immigration to the United States from Asia, Eastern, and Southern Europe should be further restricted by a tax of $100 per emigrant and an educational test.”

Those first five years of the new century reflect multitudinous changes in Ellis schools. The community and region faced similar challenges. Immigration had brought new cultures and ideas to the table. Technology changed every day, complicating and easing residents’ lives. Despite the trials they faced, Ellis and surrounding towns assured their children educations that prepared them for their futures.

Karen Madorin is a retired teacher, writer, photographer, outdoors lover, and sixth-generation Kansan.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/8/1692796908460.png" alt="Ellis High School limestone building (Courtesy photo)" />
 <figcaption>Ellis High School limestone building (Courtesy photo)</figcaption>
 </figure>By KAREN MADORINA new century prompted continued development for nation, state, region, and schools. Keeping up with the times, Ellis citizens adapted and steadily promoted education in their community.The 1901 school year introduced new staff. C.A. Strong served as principal, while Misses McCracken, McGee, Walker, and Harris filled teaching positions. A 15-mill levy funded a 9-month school year. Their first challenge was an expensive state-mandated change of text books. Back-ordered books lead to a multi-week school postponement. While several districts started school anyway, Ellis complied with the ordinance. Board notes indicate the expense was great.To promote graduation, the class of 1901 was asked to organize the Ellis Alumni Association, which still exists. According to Maxine Bradbury, the Association held their first observance in 1902, initiating three precedents the group followed for many years: the senior class presented a program for alumni members, the organization presented a five-dollar award to the valedictorian, and they held a baseball game between the alumni and seniors the afternoon of their observances.At some point in 1903, community members settled their differences and passed a bond election to add on to the existing stone building. The school board advertised for bidders to furnish labor and material to build a four-room addition. Because of delays, the addition was not completed until the fall 1904 term. The board also upgraded the original building by installing a heating plant. The type of fuel used was not mentioned.By 1904, staff included Superintendent B.E. Ford, Miss Dale, Professor Griggs, Miss Samuels, Miss Jackson, Miss McClure, and Miss Harry. A new course of high school study was introduced.•First Year Second Year Third Year Fourth Year•Algebra Algebra/Arithmetic Algebra Geometry•German German (Caesar) English English Literature•English American History/Civics German (Virgil) English History•Physical Geography Botany Greek History/Roman History Zoology<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/7/1658158626307.png" alt="Karen Madorin" />
 <figcaption>Karen Madorin</figcaption>
 </figure>In 1905, rumors ran rampant prior to the annual school board meeting because the newspaper editor had commented on reports “circulated that there would be only an eight-month term and that the high school would be done away with.” As a result, supporters of both the 9-month term and high school attended to ensure the board made no such changes. Members voted a 17-mill levy for school purposes and an additional 2-mills to pay for the addition and the heating plant. Later, the board voted to renovate the original schoolhouse.By 1905, academics constituted only part of the curriculum. Baseball games between classes became a popular part of the program. By 1907, the tax levy had risen to 25-mills, and debate had become an active part of course work. Because Ellis was a railroad town, teams traveled by train to surrounding towns on the UPRR line to debate topics such as “Be it resolved that immigration to the United States from Asia, Eastern, and Southern Europe should be further restricted by a tax of $100 per emigrant and an educational test.”Those first five years of the new century reflect multitudinous changes in Ellis schools. The community and region faced similar challenges. Immigration had brought new cultures and ideas to the table. Technology changed every day, complicating and easing residents’ lives. Despite the trials they faced, Ellis and surrounding towns assured their children educations that prepared them for their futures.Karen Madorin is a retired teacher, writer, photographer, outdoors lover, and sixth-generation Kansan.&nbsp;

MADORIN: History of Ellis schools, Part 7

I had the opportunity last week to attend the Kansas Ag Summit presented by the Kansas Department of Agriculture. I appreciate this event each year as it provides networking opportunities as well as new perspectives about ag in Kansas.

The focus this year was on water issues and workforce. Both are hot topics, currently, and as long-term discussions for producers, industry professionals, and educators at many levels.

There are many aspects to workforce issues and I’d like to touch on one that each one of us can impact. Think about the young people in your world. Am I setting a positive example of how to shake hands, introduce myself, and look someone in the eye while meeting them? Am I setting examples of work ethic and responsibility? Am I setting examples and having positive discussions about work attire or uniforms for different roles?

Looking “professional” depends entirely on your role! An attorney or accountant has a different professional look than a dental hygienist or store clerk, just as a teacher and a mechanic have different professional attire. All are representing their employer and that is an important detail to remember.

The language we use can also impact someone’s perception of us and our capability. Using complicated words when not necessary can give the impression of arrogance; alternately, using obscenities can leave an impression of unprofessional behavior. Please note – I am not a language prude but am very conscientious of whom else may be around and the setting I am in!

Understanding that showing up on time and ready to work is respectful of others you work with, work for, and customers. 

I started waiting tables when I was 13 and there are always tasks that I didn’t love then and don’t love today but it is important that they be completed for the best of everyone else. I was so impressed by several of our 4-H members who worked in the concession stand during the fair this year as their response to a task – whether washing dishes or wiping tables – was a smile and action!

We all want the young people in our world to be happy, successful adults who contribute in a positive manner to society. That begins by the example from each one of us and sharing our expectations.

Keep learning! Keep showing grace and kindness!

Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District , Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668177490614.jpeg" alt="Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>I had the opportunity last week to attend the Kansas Ag Summit presented by the Kansas Department of Agriculture. I appreciate this event each year as it provides networking opportunities as well as new perspectives about ag in Kansas.The focus this year was on water issues and workforce. Both are hot topics, currently, and as long-term discussions for producers, industry professionals, and educators at many levels.There are many aspects to workforce issues and I’d like to touch on one that each one of us can impact. Think about the young people in your world. Am I setting a positive example of how to shake hands, introduce myself, and look someone in the eye while meeting them? Am I setting examples of work ethic and responsibility? Am I setting examples and having positive discussions about work attire or uniforms for different roles?Looking “professional” depends entirely on your role! An attorney or accountant has a different professional look than a dental hygienist or store clerk, just as a teacher and a mechanic have different professional attire. All are representing their employer and that is an important detail to remember.The language we use can also impact someone’s perception of us and our capability. Using complicated words when not necessary can give the impression of arrogance; alternately, using obscenities can leave an impression of unprofessional behavior. Please note – I am not a language prude but am very conscientious of whom else may be around and the setting I am in!Understanding that showing up on time and ready to work is respectful of others you work with, work for, and customers. I started waiting tables when I was 13 and there are always tasks that I didn’t love then and don’t love today but it is important that they be completed for the best of everyone else. I was so impressed by several of our 4-H members who worked in the concession stand during the fair this year as their response to a task – whether washing dishes or wiping tables – was a smile and action!We all want the young people in our world to be happy, successful adults who contribute in a positive manner to society. That begins by the example from each one of us and sharing our expectations.Keep learning! Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District , Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

BERAN: Lifetime learning

What does science say about happiness? Do we have any research on what creates happiness? Yes, actually there are hundreds of studies on happiness. A recent webinar, sponsored by Wyandotte County K-State Research and Extension explored this interesting topic. The webinar was presented by Michelle Lane, certified nurse leader and health coach.

Happiness can be defined as a combination of how satisfied you are with your life plus how good you feel on a day-to-day basis. We all want happiness! Are there certain things that we can do to help us achieve happiness? 

We know that happiness is not about having things, money, or sex. Science tells us that 10% of your happiness is determined by your circumstances, 50% is biologically determined, and 40% of your happiness is controlled by your thoughts, actions and behaviors. What is the lens which you view your world?

The mind and body are related. Happy people are less like to have cardiovascular disease, better immunity, heal faster, have a healthier diet and live longer. 

Johns Hopkins has done over 40 years’ worth of research on this subject. Diseases progress quicker in people with a negative outlook. Happiness can add 7½ years to your life, which ironically is the same as when people quick smoking! Mental health is extremely important.

A bulk of happiness comes from the four major chemicals which are made in our gut. When we are fetuses inside our mother’s womb, the brain and brainstem actually pinch off from the cells that make up your stomach. The old saying about a gut instinct or your second brain are so true! Good gut health is important as we literally are what we eat! 

Dopamine, oxytocin, serotonin, and endorphins are the magical quartet of hormones that affect how we feel. 

Dopamine motivates us to act. When we accomplish something, dopamine is released into our blood stream. Oxytocin is the love hormone and is triggered through social bonding, eye contact, and attentiveness. Giving hugs is a great way to release oxytocin. Serotonin flows when you feel important or significant. Gratitude is a great way to recognize someone or praise them, which increases serotonin. What would happen if we put down our phones and paid more attention to our mate, parents, or children? UV rays also help create serotonin so getting a little bit of sun each day (20 min.) can help mood. Finally, endorphins are released in response to pain and stress. They help relieve anxiety and depression. Strenuous exercise gives us lots of endorphins. Spicy foods and cold showers also release endorphins.

What else can we do throughout our day to increase happiness?&nbsp;

Nurturing relationships are important. Feeling connected with at least three other people helps alleviate stress. Physical markers such as blood pressure or cholesterol have less to do with how long we live then the social interactions we have as we age. Isolation and loneliness decrease life span. 

Doing something you enjoy every day that allows you to find your flow and lose yourself to the experience creates happiness. Be intentional about new experiences, help others, be kind and be grateful. Doing these things will create happiness that is long lasting.

If you are interested in watching the webinar and learning more it can be found on YouTube here:<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJRJodygf_I"> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJRJodygf_I</a>

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension, Cottonwood District. You may reach her at 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension, Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension, Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>What does science say about happiness? Do we have any research on what creates happiness? Yes, actually there are hundreds of studies on happiness. A recent webinar, sponsored by Wyandotte County K-State Research and Extension explored this interesting topic. The webinar was presented by Michelle Lane, certified nurse leader and health coach.Happiness can be defined as a combination of how satisfied you are with your life plus how good you feel on a day-to-day basis. We all want happiness! Are there certain things that we can do to help us achieve happiness? We know that happiness is not about having things, money, or sex. Science tells us that 10% of your happiness is determined by your circumstances, 50% is biologically determined, and 40% of your happiness is controlled by your thoughts, actions and behaviors. What is the lens which you view your world?The mind and body are related. Happy people are less like to have cardiovascular disease, better immunity, heal faster, have a healthier diet and live longer. Johns Hopkins has done over 40 years’ worth of research on this subject. Diseases progress quicker in people with a negative outlook. Happiness can add 7½ years to your life, which ironically is the same as when people quick smoking! Mental health is extremely important.A bulk of happiness comes from the four major chemicals which are made in our gut. When we are fetuses inside our mother’s womb, the brain and brainstem actually pinch off from the cells that make up your stomach. The old saying about a gut instinct or your second brain are so true! Good gut health is important as we literally are what we eat! Dopamine, oxytocin, serotonin, and endorphins are the magical quartet of hormones that affect how we feel. Dopamine motivates us to act. When we accomplish something, dopamine is released into our blood stream. Oxytocin is the love hormone and is triggered through social bonding, eye contact, and attentiveness. Giving hugs is a great way to release oxytocin. Serotonin flows when you feel important or significant. Gratitude is a great way to recognize someone or praise them, which increases serotonin. What would happen if we put down our phones and paid more attention to our mate, parents, or children? UV rays also help create serotonin so getting a little bit of sun each day (20 min.) can help mood. Finally, endorphins are released in response to pain and stress. They help relieve anxiety and depression. Strenuous exercise gives us lots of endorphins. Spicy foods and cold showers also release endorphins.What else can we do throughout our day to increase happiness?&nbsp;Nurturing relationships are important. Feeling connected with at least three other people helps alleviate stress. Physical markers such as blood pressure or cholesterol have less to do with how long we live then the social interactions we have as we age. Isolation and loneliness decrease life span. Doing something you enjoy every day that allows you to find your flow and lose yourself to the experience creates happiness. Be intentional about new experiences, help others, be kind and be grateful. Doing these things will create happiness that is long lasting.If you are interested in watching the webinar and learning more it can be found on YouTube here:<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJRJodygf_I"> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJRJodygf_I</a>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension, Cottonwood District. You may reach her at 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.

KOERNER: Happiness. What does science say?

Bull frog season in Kansas stirs up lots of fond memories. 

It seems bull frogs and frog hunting were a part of my summer for many years as a kid.&nbsp; When I was in grade school, there was a big drainage ditch across the road from the neighbor kids’ house. The three of them had a BB gun and there was never a shortage of frogs in the ditch. 

When we weren’t shooting at frogs in the ditch, we were behind the barn shooting their big boar hog in the butt (and elsewhere.) Anyway, each time we finally managed to kill a frog, we’d cut the thing open with our pocket knives and retrieve the BBs. (How’s that for recycling?)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

After we moved away from there, lots of my friends were city kids so my outdoor adventures consisted of me shooting blackbirds out of trees along the creek with Mom’s old fold-up .410 shotgun, catching crawdads under the bridge using forked sticks as spears and learning how to trap muskrats.&nbsp;

We moved one more time before I graduated from high school, and there all my buddies were country kids once again that trapped and hunted rabbits, deer and bull frogs. There was a farm a few miles away with two ponds, one on each side of the road, and they both teemed with bull frogs. 

Back then the hot humid summer nights didn’t bother me at all, and that was the best frog hunting weather. By then we were all in high school and one of us always had some beater of a car, so we’d don worn-out jeans and old sneakers (which was our usual attire anyway) fill the trunk with flashlights, feed sacks and frog spears and head for the ponds after dark. I can only figure the farmer only let our motley crew on his property hoping we’d all drown in the pond and never bother him again. 

Anyway, we would split up to cover both ponds at once, slowly wading around the edge knee-deep in the water until a frog was spotted ahead. Putting the flashlight beam in its eyes dazzled the frog until we could spear it and add it to the feed sack hanging around our waist.&nbsp;&nbsp;

I remember vividly returning home after one particular frog hunt at those ponds. The night was hot and steamy and the four of us went to work butchering frogs in our driveway under the security light by the barn, using an empty hay wagon for a table. Sacks were emptied and squirming bull frogs went everywhere. I also vividly remember mom hollering out her upstairs bedroom window for us to be quiet; I don’t know what her problem was, it was only 2 in the morning!&nbsp;&nbsp;

Frog meat is white and sweet, and half the fun of frog hunting is watching the legs twitch and quiver as they fry in the oil. 

One night, a girlfriend of one of the guys was there as we fried up a mess of legs. The experience was all new to her, so while she was out of the room, we propped up a big pair of the legs on the edge of the skillet as if they had climbed out. As I recall that was the last time she ever hung out with us.&nbsp;

About fifteen years ago, when my dad was still alive and was nearly 80, I took him frog hunting. We went just out of town to some of the McPherson Valley Wetland ponds. It was a slow night for harvesting frogs, but we got enough to have a “small mess” to fry. The legs still twitched and quivered as they fried, and they still tasted just as sweet as I remembered them. Thankfully, some things never change!

Continue to Explore Kansas Outdoors.&nbsp;

Steve can be contacted by email at stevenrgilliland@gmail.com.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574696211722.png" alt="Steve Gilliland (Courtesy photo)" />
 <figcaption>Steve Gilliland (Courtesy photo)</figcaption>
 </figure>Bull frog season in Kansas stirs up lots of fond memories. It seems bull frogs and frog hunting were a part of my summer for many years as a kid.&nbsp; When I was in grade school, there was a big drainage ditch across the road from the neighbor kids’ house. The three of them had a BB gun and there was never a shortage of frogs in the ditch. When we weren’t shooting at frogs in the ditch, we were behind the barn shooting their big boar hog in the butt (and elsewhere.) Anyway, each time we finally managed to kill a frog, we’d cut the thing open with our pocket knives and retrieve the BBs. (How’s that for recycling?)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After we moved away from there, lots of my friends were city kids so my outdoor adventures consisted of me shooting blackbirds out of trees along the creek with Mom’s old fold-up .410 shotgun, catching crawdads under the bridge using forked sticks as spears and learning how to trap muskrats.&nbsp;We moved one more time before I graduated from high school, and there all my buddies were country kids once again that trapped and hunted rabbits, deer and bull frogs. There was a farm a few miles away with two ponds, one on each side of the road, and they both teemed with bull frogs. Back then the hot humid summer nights didn’t bother me at all, and that was the best frog hunting weather. By then we were all in high school and one of us always had some beater of a car, so we’d don worn-out jeans and old sneakers (which was our usual attire anyway) fill the trunk with flashlights, feed sacks and frog spears and head for the ponds after dark. I can only figure the farmer only let our motley crew on his property hoping we’d all drown in the pond and never bother him again. Anyway, we would split up to cover both ponds at once, slowly wading around the edge knee-deep in the water until a frog was spotted ahead. Putting the flashlight beam in its eyes dazzled the frog until we could spear it and add it to the feed sack hanging around our waist.&nbsp;&nbsp;I remember vividly returning home after one particular frog hunt at those ponds. The night was hot and steamy and the four of us went to work butchering frogs in our driveway under the security light by the barn, using an empty hay wagon for a table. Sacks were emptied and squirming bull frogs went everywhere. I also vividly remember mom hollering out her upstairs bedroom window for us to be quiet; I don’t know what her problem was, it was only 2 in the morning!&nbsp;&nbsp;Frog meat is white and sweet, and half the fun of frog hunting is watching the legs twitch and quiver as they fry in the oil. One night, a girlfriend of one of the guys was there as we fried up a mess of legs. The experience was all new to her, so while she was out of the room, we propped up a big pair of the legs on the edge of the skillet as if they had climbed out. As I recall that was the last time she ever hung out with us.&nbsp;About fifteen years ago, when my dad was still alive and was nearly 80, I took him frog hunting. We went just out of town to some of the McPherson Valley Wetland ponds. It was a slow night for harvesting frogs, but we got enough to have a “small mess” to fry. The legs still twitched and quivered as they fried, and they still tasted just as sweet as I remembered them. Thankfully, some things never change!Continue to Explore Kansas Outdoors.&nbsp;Steve can be contacted by email at stevenrgilliland@gmail.com.&nbsp;

Exploring Outdoor Kansas: Bull frogs and me  

In a report published earlier this month by the Kansas Maternal Mortality Review Committee, the state’s maternal outcomes have worsened in recent years. Both pregnancy-related deaths and illnesses increased between 2016 and 2020.&nbsp;

According to the report, about two-thirds of pregnancy-related deaths were among women of color.&nbsp;

Just over a year ago, Kansas passed an expansion to postpartum coverage under KanCare, allowing mothers to be covered by the state’s Medicaid program for up to a year after giving birth. While it is too early to see the impact of this expansion on maternal outcomes in Kansas, a study of Texas’ expansion suggests there will be many benefits — women take advantage of mental health and substance abuse programs in addition to postpartum care under the state’s one year extension.&nbsp;

However, the reality is that expanding postpartum coverage will have significantly less impact on Kansas mothers who live in maternity deserts.&nbsp;

A maternity desert is defined as a county with no hospital obstetrics care and no obstetricians or gynecologists (OBGYNs).&nbsp;

According to a 2022 March of Dimes report, 48% of Kansas’ counties are maternity deserts and 24% of counties have low access to maternity care.&nbsp;

Concerningly, Kansas’ maternity deserts are expected to grow.&nbsp;

In an investigation by Wichita’s KWCH Factfinder 12 team earlier this year, over half of the state’s rural hospitals are at risk of closing. These hospitals provide critical care and services for people in their communities, including maternity care.&nbsp;

Of 104 rural hospitals, 60 are at risk of closing, including 29 facing immediate risk.&nbsp;

Rural hospitals are more vulnerable to financial pressures due to low occupancy rates, high levels of uncompensated care, competition from other hospitals, and weak local economies.&nbsp;

But without these hospitals, there are very limited options for care in the state’s rural areas. Most patients would be forced to travel long distances to more populated counties, which is less than ideal in most circumstances and incredibly dangerous in emergency situations.&nbsp;

According to the KMMRC report, two-thirds of pregnancy-related deaths are among women on Medicaid or without insurance.&nbsp;

Full Medicaid expansion would go a long way in keeping hospitals open and expanding maternity care across rural Kansas.&nbsp;

The good news is Medicaid expansion is popular in Kansas.&nbsp;

According to the 2022 Kansas Speaks public opinion survey distributed by the Docking Institute of Public Affairs at Fort Hays State University, nearly 76% of Kansans support KanCare — Kansas’ Medicaid program — expansion. Support has increased about 11 points since 2015.&nbsp;

The bad news is there’s long been a lack of political will to pass full KanCare expansion in the state legislature, despite public support and federal funds to subsidize the expansion.&nbsp;

But legislators can be swayed by loud and participatory groups of citizens. In fact, it was grassroots advocacy that led to the expansion of postpartum coverage during the 2022 legislative session.&nbsp;

If citizens decide to advocate for Medicaid expansion it would go a long way towards keeping rural hospitals open to provide care to their communities, including care to expecting and postpartum mothers.&nbsp;

Alexandra Middlewood, Ph.D., is the interim department chair and Model United Nations Advisor in the Dept. of Political Science at Wichita State University.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/8/1692868290471.jpeg" alt="Alexandra Middlewood" />
 <figcaption>Alexandra Middlewood</figcaption>
 </figure>In a report published earlier this month by the Kansas Maternal Mortality Review Committee, the state’s maternal outcomes have worsened in recent years. Both pregnancy-related deaths and illnesses increased between 2016 and 2020.&nbsp;According to the report, about two-thirds of pregnancy-related deaths were among women of color.&nbsp;Just over a year ago, Kansas passed an expansion to postpartum coverage under KanCare, allowing mothers to be covered by the state’s Medicaid program for up to a year after giving birth. While it is too early to see the impact of this expansion on maternal outcomes in Kansas, a study of Texas’ expansion suggests there will be many benefits — women take advantage of mental health and substance abuse programs in addition to postpartum care under the state’s one year extension.&nbsp;However, the reality is that expanding postpartum coverage will have significantly less impact on Kansas mothers who live in maternity deserts.&nbsp;A maternity desert is defined as a county with no hospital obstetrics care and no obstetricians or gynecologists (OBGYNs).&nbsp;According to a 2022 March of Dimes report, 48% of Kansas’ counties are maternity deserts and 24% of counties have low access to maternity care.&nbsp;Concerningly, Kansas’ maternity deserts are expected to grow.&nbsp;In an investigation by Wichita’s KWCH Factfinder 12 team earlier this year, over half of the state’s rural hospitals are at risk of closing. These hospitals provide critical care and services for people in their communities, including maternity care.&nbsp;Of 104 rural hospitals, 60 are at risk of closing, including 29 facing immediate risk.&nbsp;Rural hospitals are more vulnerable to financial pressures due to low occupancy rates, high levels of uncompensated care, competition from other hospitals, and weak local economies.&nbsp;But without these hospitals, there are very limited options for care in the state’s rural areas. Most patients would be forced to travel long distances to more populated counties, which is less than ideal in most circumstances and incredibly dangerous in emergency situations.&nbsp;According to the KMMRC report, two-thirds of pregnancy-related deaths are among women on Medicaid or without insurance.&nbsp;<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1582312931775.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>Full Medicaid expansion would go a long way in keeping hospitals open and expanding maternity care across rural Kansas.&nbsp;The good news is Medicaid expansion is popular in Kansas.&nbsp;According to the 2022 Kansas Speaks public opinion survey distributed by the Docking Institute of Public Affairs at Fort Hays State University, nearly 76% of Kansans support KanCare — Kansas’ Medicaid program — expansion. Support has increased about 11 points since 2015.&nbsp;The bad news is there’s long been a lack of political will to pass full KanCare expansion in the state legislature, despite public support and federal funds to subsidize the expansion.&nbsp;But legislators can be swayed by loud and participatory groups of citizens. In fact, it was grassroots advocacy that led to the expansion of postpartum coverage during the 2022 legislative session.&nbsp;If citizens decide to advocate for Medicaid expansion it would go a long way towards keeping rural hospitals open to provide care to their communities, including care to expecting and postpartum mothers.&nbsp;Alexandra Middlewood, Ph.D., is the interim department chair and Model United Nations Advisor in the Dept. of Political Science at Wichita State University.&nbsp;

INSIGHT KANSAS: Rural hospitals at-risk of closing threaten women’s lives, Medicaid expansion would help 

Wheat planting is just around the corner in Kansas, so now is the time to get your soil sampling done to have good information on which to base your fertilizer inputs. This is particularly important after drought and lower-than-expected yields for the previous crops in parts of the state.

The most important tests and nutrients to focus on this year depend in part on where you are located, the choices you make when applying nitrogen, and your tillage system.

The nutrients for which wheat is most likely to show responses statewide are nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Wheat is the most P-responsive crop we grow in Kansas, and while P removal with wheat may be less than with corn or soybeans, the relative yield response is often the highest. Therefore, knowledge of P soil test levels and fertilizer needs will be valuable

A standard 0-6 inch surface sample is normally used to test for pH and the non-mobile nutrients such as P and potassium (K). Growers might also want to check for the micronutrient of zinc (Zn). Zinc is not a nutrient commonly found deficient in wheat production. However, it is important for corn and grain sorghum. Thus including it in your sample package would be helpful for planning for these rotation crops.

Soil organic matter (SOM) is an important source of nutrients such as N and sulfur (S). When calculating the fertilizer needs for both these nutrients, SOM is taken into consideration. For wheat production, 10 pounds of available N and 2.5 pounds of S are credited for every 1% SOM in the soil.

In addition to pH, SOM, P, K, and Zn -- all of which are non-mobile in soils and accumulate in the surface – the mobile nutrients N, S, and chloride can provide significant yield responses when deficient in soils. Since all three of these nutrients are mobile in soils and tend to accumulate in the subsoil, it is strongly recommended to use a 24-inch profile soil sample prior to growing wheat, corn, or grain sorghum.

In summary, wheat producers in Kansas should consider soil testing to help in making accurate fertilizer decisions. 

Accurate decisions are especially important during years with falling grain prices and tight budgets. Furthermore, after variable conditions and yield levels across the state, fertilizer needs may require adjustments based on soil tests. 

Wheat producers specifically, should use surface 0-6 inch samples to determine the need for lime on low pH soils, P, K, Zn, and soil organic matter. They also should be using 24-inch profile soil tests for N, S, and Cl. 

Now is the time to get those samples taken, to ensure there will be enough time to consider those test results when planning your fall fertilizer programs.

For more information on soil sampling and submitting samples to the K-State Soil Testing Laboratory, visit their website at <a href="https://www.agronomy.k-state.edu/outreach-and-services/soil-testing-lab/">http://www.agronomy.k-state.edu/services/soiltesting/ </a>or stop into the Cottonwood District offices in Great Bend and Hays. We have soil sample probes to loan out and can mail off your soil samples and help you with interpreting the results and recommendations.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="Stacy Campbell is a crop production extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell is a crop production extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>Wheat planting is just around the corner in Kansas, so now is the time to get your soil sampling done to have good information on which to base your fertilizer inputs. This is particularly important after drought and lower-than-expected yields for the previous crops in parts of the state.The most important tests and nutrients to focus on this year depend in part on where you are located, the choices you make when applying nitrogen, and your tillage system.The nutrients for which wheat is most likely to show responses statewide are nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Wheat is the most P-responsive crop we grow in Kansas, and while P removal with wheat may be less than with corn or soybeans, the relative yield response is often the highest. Therefore, knowledge of P soil test levels and fertilizer needs will be valuableA standard 0-6 inch surface sample is normally used to test for pH and the non-mobile nutrients such as P and potassium (K). Growers might also want to check for the micronutrient of zinc (Zn). Zinc is not a nutrient commonly found deficient in wheat production. However, it is important for corn and grain sorghum. Thus including it in your sample package would be helpful for planning for these rotation crops.Soil organic matter (SOM) is an important source of nutrients such as N and sulfur (S). When calculating the fertilizer needs for both these nutrients, SOM is taken into consideration. For wheat production, 10 pounds of available N and 2.5 pounds of S are credited for every 1% SOM in the soil.In addition to pH, SOM, P, K, and Zn -- all of which are non-mobile in soils and accumulate in the surface – the mobile nutrients N, S, and chloride can provide significant yield responses when deficient in soils. Since all three of these nutrients are mobile in soils and tend to accumulate in the subsoil, it is strongly recommended to use a 24-inch profile soil sample prior to growing wheat, corn, or grain sorghum.In summary, wheat producers in Kansas should consider soil testing to help in making accurate fertilizer decisions. Accurate decisions are especially important during years with falling grain prices and tight budgets. Furthermore, after variable conditions and yield levels across the state, fertilizer needs may require adjustments based on soil tests. Wheat producers specifically, should use surface 0-6 inch samples to determine the need for lime on low pH soils, P, K, Zn, and soil organic matter. They also should be using 24-inch profile soil tests for N, S, and Cl. Now is the time to get those samples taken, to ensure there will be enough time to consider those test results when planning your fall fertilizer programs.For more information on soil sampling and submitting samples to the K-State Soil Testing Laboratory, visit their website at <a href="https://www.agronomy.k-state.edu/outreach-and-services/soil-testing-lab/">http://www.agronomy.k-state.edu/services/soiltesting/ </a>or stop into the Cottonwood District offices in Great Bend and Hays. We have soil sample probes to loan out and can mail off your soil samples and help you with interpreting the results and recommendations.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Planning your wheat fertility program: Start now by soil testing

After the landmark graduation ceremony held in the spring of 1892, area teachers continued to improve their skills through participation in the county teacher organization. Because of its strong educational practices, Ellis played a central role in area-wide educational development.

The 1893, the county organization once again held their meeting in Ellis. Visiting teachers and lecturers lodged in the Union Pacific Railroad Y.M.C.A. building. Inservice topics included pressing matters such as “Language in the primary grades,” “Educational value of the World’s Fair,” “To What extent may current events and literature be introduced in our schools?”, “Teacher’s means of self culture,” The teacher’s opinion of himself. What should it be?” and “The difficulties of grading country schools and how to overcome them.” It’s clear that world or at least national educational standards influenced teacher training in Ellis County.

By 1894, the state superintendent mandated that all teachers must have certificates before they districts could employ them. That year Ellis hired five certified teachers: Professor Jackson, Mrs. Jackson, Miss Gaylord, Miss Stearns, and Miss Kingsley to teach 241 scholars. The board voted to provide an 8-month school funded by a 16 mill levy to pay the bills.

A year later, the mill levy increased to 17 mills and time in class increased to 9 months. In addition, the board voted to “debar” children under six years of age from attendance due to overcrowded conditions. Enrollment in the primary room was 92 students. That teacher clearly had her hands full.

I found no explanation for it, but in 1896 the board voted to lower the tax levy to 9 ½ mills. Staff members included one returning teacher Miss Kingsley and newcomers Miss Andreas, Miss McLeod, Miss Campbell, with J.W. Thompson serving as principal.

The newspaper printed little info regarding schools for the next few years. The high school continued graduating small classes while the town continued to grow. By 1900, citizens circulated a petition to call for an election “for the purpose of voting bonds to the amount of $4,000 with which to build an addition to the school house.” The school had become so overcrowded that one teacher taught 75 -80 pupils. Local citizenry recognized such an atmosphere didn’t benefit the pupil or the teacher.

Unfortunately, a period of political sectionalism that involved original settlers and later arriving European immigrants dominated Ellis elections at that time. The differences became the issue rather than the need for a new school. Due to factional quarreling, the bond issue failed and the school “worried along” for a few more years. The editor of the Review-Headlight called the quarreling parties to task with the statement, “A little less sectionalism and a little more common sense is what Ellis needs.” He then encouraged citizens to reorganize and vote on the bonds again.

Nothing remains the same, and this eight-year time frame certainly supports that life truth. Ellis, like every nearby prairie town, continued changing. Their school reflected the town’s evolution.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/8/1692797017875.jpeg" alt="Ellis High School limestone building (Courtesy photo)" />
 <figcaption>Ellis High School limestone building (Courtesy photo)</figcaption>
 </figure>By KAREN MADORINAfter the landmark graduation ceremony held in the spring of 1892, area teachers continued to improve their skills through participation in the county teacher organization. Because of its strong educational practices, Ellis played a central role in area-wide educational development.The 1893, the county organization once again held their meeting in Ellis. Visiting teachers and lecturers lodged in the Union Pacific Railroad Y.M.C.A. building. Inservice topics included pressing matters such as “Language in the primary grades,” “Educational value of the World’s Fair,” “To What extent may current events and literature be introduced in our schools?”, “Teacher’s means of self culture,” The teacher’s opinion of himself. What should it be?” and “The difficulties of grading country schools and how to overcome them.” It’s clear that world or at least national educational standards influenced teacher training in Ellis County.By 1894, the state superintendent mandated that all teachers must have certificates before they districts could employ them. That year Ellis hired five certified teachers: Professor Jackson, Mrs. Jackson, Miss Gaylord, Miss Stearns, and Miss Kingsley to teach 241 scholars. The board voted to provide an 8-month school funded by a 16 mill levy to pay the bills.A year later, the mill levy increased to 17 mills and time in class increased to 9 months. In addition, the board voted to “debar” children under six years of age from attendance due to overcrowded conditions. Enrollment in the primary room was 92 students. That teacher clearly had her hands full.I found no explanation for it, but in 1896 the board voted to lower the tax levy to 9 ½ mills. Staff members included one returning teacher Miss Kingsley and newcomers Miss Andreas, Miss McLeod, Miss Campbell, with J.W. Thompson serving as principal.The newspaper printed little info regarding schools for the next few years. The high school continued graduating small classes while the town continued to grow. By 1900, citizens circulated a petition to call for an election “for the purpose of voting bonds to the amount of $4,000 with which to build an addition to the school house.” The school had become so overcrowded that one teacher taught 75 -80 pupils. Local citizenry recognized such an atmosphere didn’t benefit the pupil or the teacher.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/7/1658158626307.png" alt="Karen Madorin&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Karen Madorin&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>Unfortunately, a period of political sectionalism that involved original settlers and later arriving European immigrants dominated Ellis elections at that time. The differences became the issue rather than the need for a new school. Due to factional quarreling, the bond issue failed and the school “worried along” for a few more years. The editor of the Review-Headlight called the quarreling parties to task with the statement, “A little less sectionalism and a little more common sense is what Ellis needs.” He then encouraged citizens to reorganize and vote on the bonds again.Nothing remains the same, and this eight-year time frame certainly supports that life truth. Ellis, like every nearby prairie town, continued changing. Their school reflected the town’s evolution.Karen Madorin is a retired teacher, writer, photographer, outdoors lover, and sixth-generation Kansan.&nbsp;

MADORIN: History of Ellis schools, Part 6

It has been a very challenging summer when it comes to controlling weeds in fallow and wheat stubble fields. With may wheat fields this year having short and thin stands and having very little crop canopy the weeds had very little competition to keep them at bay.

Combine that with a growing list of weeds that are now resistant to several different types of herbicides it makes you wonder if we’ll ever get a handle on effective weed control in these fallow cropping systems.

One weed control strategy that many times gets overlooked, and certainly underutilized, is planting cover crops during the fallow periods of the rotation.

Cover crops provide weed management benefits in several different ways. 

Many small, seeded weed species, like kochia, palmer amaranth and other pigweed species have better germination results when exposed to light. Living cover crops, or the residue that is left after it is terminated, reduces the sunlight reaching the soil surface thus reducing the number of weeds that come up. Cover crops also compete with weeds for moisture, nutrients and sunlight keeping the weeds in a weak, easier to kill condition if they do emerge. Some cover crop species, like rye and some brassicas, control weeds through a process called allelopathy. This is where decaying residue release chemicals that inhibit the germination of weed seeds.

Here are a few strategies to consider when utilizing cover crops for weed suppression in dryland cropping systems.

1. Know what your problem weeds are and get the cover crops well established before those weeds emerge. 

For western Kansas most of the time those weeds are going to be kochia and palmer amaranth. Kochia comes up early in the spring, so to get ahead of it a cover crop needs to be planted as soon as possible after the fall crops are harvested. If there is adequate moisture and enough time to get some decent growth I would plant in the fall. If soil moisture is short and it is getting late in the season, I would delay the planting to early spring.

2. Select species that grow aggressively and shade the ground quickly that provides a mat of biomass on the soil surface once the cover crop is terminated. 

For a late fall or early spring planting cereal grains like rye, triticale, barley, oats, and wheat work well. For a summer mix that is planted after wheat harvest, forage sorghums, sorghum sudans and millets are good species to use. Brassicas like turnips and radishes can also provide a fair amount of biomass before freezing out.

3. Take advantage of the allelopathy effect some species. This process works like using a preemergent herbicide. Once the cover crop is terminated, chemicals are released from the decomposing plant residue that inhibit weeds seeds from germinating. This works well in controlling palmer amaranth when terminating a cereal grain cover crop right around the time it is heading in early to mid-May.

4. Terminate the cover crop early if there is a persistent dry period and the long-term weather forecast is not favorable for adequate moisture to replenish the soil profile. 

The key to making cover crops work in these dryland fallow systems is for the cover crop to utilize the moisture we would lose any way through evaporation, runoff, and transpiration through weeds, but still leave adequate soil moisture for the next cash crop.

5. Always look at the economic side of things and compare your current weed control cost and what it will cost to incorporate cover crops into your system. Herbicide applications can get pricey, and many times don’t work well. Multiple tillage operations can also add up to a substantial amount of money.

Cover crops can help with weed suppression, but they are not a “silver bullet.” They are just another tool in the toolbox, that along with other weed control measures, can help in controlling weeds more effectively.

For more information about this or other soil health practices you can contact me at dale.younker@ks.usda.gov or any local NRCS office.

Dale Younker, is a soil health specialist with the Natural Resources Conservation Service in Jetmore.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/8/1628525048992.jpeg" alt="Dale Younker,&nbsp;is a soil health specialist with the&nbsp;Natural Resources Conservation Service in Jetmore. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Dale Younker,&nbsp;is a soil health specialist with the&nbsp;Natural Resources Conservation Service in Jetmore. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>It has been a very challenging summer when it comes to controlling weeds in fallow and wheat stubble fields. With may wheat fields this year having short and thin stands and having very little crop canopy the weeds had very little competition to keep them at bay.Combine that with a growing list of weeds that are now resistant to several different types of herbicides it makes you wonder if we’ll ever get a handle on effective weed control in these fallow cropping systems.One weed control strategy that many times gets overlooked, and certainly underutilized, is planting cover crops during the fallow periods of the rotation.Cover crops provide weed management benefits in several different ways. Many small, seeded weed species, like kochia, palmer amaranth and other pigweed species have better germination results when exposed to light. Living cover crops, or the residue that is left after it is terminated, reduces the sunlight reaching the soil surface thus reducing the number of weeds that come up. Cover crops also compete with weeds for moisture, nutrients and sunlight keeping the weeds in a weak, easier to kill condition if they do emerge. Some cover crop species, like rye and some brassicas, control weeds through a process called allelopathy. This is where decaying residue release chemicals that inhibit the germination of weed seeds.Here are a few strategies to consider when utilizing cover crops for weed suppression in dryland cropping systems.1. Know what your problem weeds are and get the cover crops well established before those weeds emerge. For western Kansas most of the time those weeds are going to be kochia and palmer amaranth. Kochia comes up early in the spring, so to get ahead of it a cover crop needs to be planted as soon as possible after the fall crops are harvested. If there is adequate moisture and enough time to get some decent growth I would plant in the fall. If soil moisture is short and it is getting late in the season, I would delay the planting to early spring.2. Select species that grow aggressively and shade the ground quickly that provides a mat of biomass on the soil surface once the cover crop is terminated. For a late fall or early spring planting cereal grains like rye, triticale, barley, oats, and wheat work well. For a summer mix that is planted after wheat harvest, forage sorghums, sorghum sudans and millets are good species to use. Brassicas like turnips and radishes can also provide a fair amount of biomass before freezing out.3. Take advantage of the allelopathy effect some species. This process works like using a preemergent herbicide. Once the cover crop is terminated, chemicals are released from the decomposing plant residue that inhibit weeds seeds from germinating. This works well in controlling palmer amaranth when terminating a cereal grain cover crop right around the time it is heading in early to mid-May.4. Terminate the cover crop early if there is a persistent dry period and the long-term weather forecast is not favorable for adequate moisture to replenish the soil profile. The key to making cover crops work in these dryland fallow systems is for the cover crop to utilize the moisture we would lose any way through evaporation, runoff, and transpiration through weeds, but still leave adequate soil moisture for the next cash crop.5. Always look at the economic side of things and compare your current weed control cost and what it will cost to incorporate cover crops into your system. Herbicide applications can get pricey, and many times don’t work well. Multiple tillage operations can also add up to a substantial amount of money.Cover crops can help with weed suppression, but they are not a “silver bullet.” They are just another tool in the toolbox, that along with other weed control measures, can help in controlling weeds more effectively.For more information about this or other soil health practices you can contact me at dale.younker@ks.usda.gov or any local NRCS office.Dale Younker, is a soil health specialist with the Natural Resources Conservation Service in Jetmore.&nbsp;

YOUNKER: Using cover crops to manage weeds

As most of you are aware, over the past few years, most small towns around this part of Kansas have become summer homes to magnificent raptors called Mississippi Kites. They arrive in late April to nest and raise young, then in late October they head to South America for the winter. 

They are marvelous aerialists, and are mesmerizing to watch as they effortlessly glide and navigate the Kansas winds. They feed mostly on insects, and find a real bonanza here when cicadas first appear. Their call is a high-pitched whistle that is very disguisable and common now during mid to late summer.

On Saturday morning two weeks ago, there seemed to be more “kite whistling” going on than usual, and as I walked around the front of our house in preparation for mowing the lawn, I saw why - a very immature Mississippi Kite chick was standing in the lawn along the house. Evidently having tumbled from a hidden nest we were not aware of, the youngster stood there whistling desperately for its parents. I managed to pick it up without getting pecked or clawed and deposited the youngster in the flower bed out-of-the way. A later check found a half-eaten cicada at its feet, telling us its parents were aware of its plight. Later in the day, as the sun became scorching, we moved it again to a corner in front of the house where the sun never directly shines. A small stack of large clay flower pots was laid on their side and turned around and pushed towards the corner, pretty much hiding the little guy from marauding neighborhood cats and a red fox that hunts our end of town, and giving it a place to crawl into at night and out of the weather, which it made good use of. 

Having no idea of its gender, we named it “Kyle the Kite.” 

We spoke to the wildlife rehab people at the Hutchinson Zoo, who told us we were handling the situation correctly by not intervening and by allowing the parents to care for it. They also assured us the chick would indeed be able to fledge from there and fly from the ground, but also warned us that kites are notoriously slow learners and it could take two weeks or more for the chick to figure things out.

A big picture window in the front of our home faces west, overlooking two big oak trees in the front lawn. Kyle’s temporary “digs” were just around the corner out-of-sight, but we could see its parents constantly coming and going all day, every day, continuously bring snacks. We put a trail camera on one tree and got some&nbsp;nice pictures of an adult bringing food, and of Kyle strutting and exercising its wings. Joyce checked on Kyle most evenings at dusk, always finding it snoozing in its flower pot shelter.

Fast forward to last Thursday morning. Joyce left early to swim at the YMCA, and when I checked on Kyle a little later, it was nowhere to be found. When Joyce got home, she told me Kyle was standing at the edge of the flower garden when she left, looking all proud and grownup, with lots of new feathers and all, and she just had the feeling today was the day Kyle would take to the air and we would never see it again. Later that day, we observed a mature kite coming and going from one tree in the front yard, and sure enough, there sat Kyle peering down from the branches above, now being cared for where he belonged.

We recently lost a good church friend to cancer; Kyle was his name also. Kyle spent his entire life in a wheelchair, in a body with numerous problems, but when our Savior Jesus took him home, just like Kyle the Kite, he flew away in a new body that finally worked. 

Steve can be contacted by email at stevenrgilliland@gmail.com.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574696211722.png" alt="Steve Gilliland (Courtesy photo)" />
 <figcaption>Steve Gilliland (Courtesy photo)</figcaption>
 </figure>As most of you are aware, over the past few years, most small towns around this part of Kansas have become summer homes to magnificent raptors called Mississippi Kites. They arrive in late April to nest and raise young, then in late October they head to South America for the winter. They are marvelous aerialists, and are mesmerizing to watch as they effortlessly glide and navigate the Kansas winds. They feed mostly on insects, and find a real bonanza here when cicadas first appear. Their call is a high-pitched whistle that is very disguisable and common now during mid to late summer.On Saturday morning two weeks ago, there seemed to be more “kite whistling” going on than usual, and as I walked around the front of our house in preparation for mowing the lawn, I saw why - a very immature Mississippi Kite chick was standing in the lawn along the house. Evidently having tumbled from a hidden nest we were not aware of, the youngster stood there whistling desperately for its parents. I managed to pick it up without getting pecked or clawed and deposited the youngster in the flower bed out-of-the way. A later check found a half-eaten cicada at its feet, telling us its parents were aware of its plight. Later in the day, as the sun became scorching, we moved it again to a corner in front of the house where the sun never directly shines. A small stack of large clay flower pots was laid on their side and turned around and pushed towards the corner, pretty much hiding the little guy from marauding neighborhood cats and a red fox that hunts our end of town, and giving it a place to crawl into at night and out of the weather, which it made good use of. Having no idea of its gender, we named it “Kyle the Kite.” We spoke to the wildlife rehab people at the Hutchinson Zoo, who told us we were handling the situation correctly by not intervening and by allowing the parents to care for it. They also assured us the chick would indeed be able to fledge from there and fly from the ground, but also warned us that kites are notoriously slow learners and it could take two weeks or more for the chick to figure things out.A big picture window in the front of our home faces west, overlooking two big oak trees in the front lawn. Kyle’s temporary “digs” were just around the corner out-of-sight, but we could see its parents constantly coming and going all day, every day, continuously bring snacks. We put a trail camera on one tree and got some&nbsp;nice pictures of an adult bringing food, and of Kyle strutting and exercising its wings. Joyce checked on Kyle most evenings at dusk, always finding it snoozing in its flower pot shelter.Fast forward to last Thursday morning. Joyce left early to swim at the YMCA, and when I checked on Kyle a little later, it was nowhere to be found. When Joyce got home, she told me Kyle was standing at the edge of the flower garden when she left, looking all proud and grownup, with lots of new feathers and all, and she just had the feeling today was the day Kyle would take to the air and we would never see it again. Later that day, we observed a mature kite coming and going from one tree in the front yard, and sure enough, there sat Kyle peering down from the branches above, now being cared for where he belonged.We recently lost a good church friend to cancer; Kyle was his name also. Kyle spent his entire life in a wheelchair, in a body with numerous problems, but when our Savior Jesus took him home, just like Kyle the Kite, he flew away in a new body that finally worked. Continue to Explore Kansas Outdoors!Steve can be contacted by email at stevenrgilliland@gmail.com.

Exploring Outdoors Kansas: Kyle the Kite

Pre-emergence herbicides with residual activity are an important component of high-yielding cropping systems. They are used less frequently in wheat production compared to other cropping systems in Kansas, but residual herbicides applied prior to wheat emergence can be part of a good weed management system in wheat production.

Most residual herbicides labeled for pre-emergence application in wheat are Group 2 (ALS-inhibiting) herbicides, which are associated with herbicide-resistant populations of kochia, marestail (horseweed), bushy wallflower, flixweed, henbit, and brome species in Kansas. Products in Groups 14 (the PPO-inhibiting herbicides) and 15 (the long-chain fatty acid-inhibiting herbicides) are also labeled; however, they are generally more dependent on rainfall for activation than the Group 2 herbicides.

Herbicides without residual activity may be applied with or without residual herbicides in the weeks prior to planting wheat. Older products include the Group 2 herbicides Amber, Olympus, and Pre-Pare, as well as Group 4 (plant growth regulating) herbicides like 2,4-D, dicamba, or fluroxypyr. It is especially important to know planting interval restrictions for Group 4 herbicides, which range from 10 to 45 days.

When selecting pre-emergence herbicides for use in wheat production, keep in mind that many of these products are also labeled for use in emerged wheat. Unless using a planned split application, avoid repeated use of products from the same herbicide group to slow the development of herbicide-resistant weed populations in your fields.

To see a handy table that list the selected herbicides for pre-emergence or pre-plant applications in winter wheat. Which shows the herbicide group, application timing and comments/tips on application, go to our web site&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cottonwood.ksu.edu/" target="_blank">www.cottonwood.ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;click onto the Crops and Livestock tab and look under hot topics.

Field bindweed can be difficult to control

Field bindweed is a particularly troublesome weed to control. 

In a 12-year experiment conducted at the Agricultural Research Center - Hays, field bindweed reduced wheat yield by 2 to 50%. Management of this weed during wheat establishment is important because field bindweed continues to grow until temperatures drop below 20°F.

The herbicides most commonly recommended for field bindweed control include various formulations of 2,4-D, dicamba, and glyphosate. Dicamba tends to provide greater control for fall applications compared to 2,4-D or glyphosate, especially if plants are drought-stressed. 

Another commonly used product is Facet (quinclorac). It is most effective when applied just before the first killing frost. Other herbicides that are labeled for fall application to control or suppress field bindweed in wheat include Affinity, Aim, and Cimarron.

A single herbicide application will not achieve satisfactory control of field bindweed. It will take multiple years of herbicide applications to deplete the energy stored in the root system and control an established infestation.

For additional information, see the “<a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/Item.aspx?catId=236&amp;pubId=19360">2023 Chemical Weed Control for Field Crops, Pastures, and Noncropland</a>” guide available online, or check with your local K-State Research and Extension office for a paper copy.

The use of trade names is for clarity to readers and does not imply endorsement of a particular product, nor does exclusion imply non-approval. 

Always consult the herbicide label for the most current use requirements.

Stacy Campbell is a crop production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="Stacy Campbell is a crop production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell is a crop production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>Pre-emergence herbicides with residual activity are an important component of high-yielding cropping systems. They are used less frequently in wheat production compared to other cropping systems in Kansas, but residual herbicides applied prior to wheat emergence can be part of a good weed management system in wheat production.Most residual herbicides labeled for pre-emergence application in wheat are Group 2 (ALS-inhibiting) herbicides, which are associated with herbicide-resistant populations of kochia, marestail (horseweed), bushy wallflower, flixweed, henbit, and brome species in Kansas. Products in Groups 14 (the PPO-inhibiting herbicides) and 15 (the long-chain fatty acid-inhibiting herbicides) are also labeled; however, they are generally more dependent on rainfall for activation than the Group 2 herbicides.Herbicides without residual activity may be applied with or without residual herbicides in the weeks prior to planting wheat. Older products include the Group 2 herbicides Amber, Olympus, and Pre-Pare, as well as Group 4 (plant growth regulating) herbicides like 2,4-D, dicamba, or fluroxypyr. It is especially important to know planting interval restrictions for Group 4 herbicides, which range from 10 to 45 days.When selecting pre-emergence herbicides for use in wheat production, keep in mind that many of these products are also labeled for use in emerged wheat. Unless using a planned split application, avoid repeated use of products from the same herbicide group to slow the development of herbicide-resistant weed populations in your fields.To see a handy table that list the selected herbicides for pre-emergence or pre-plant applications in winter wheat. Which shows the herbicide group, application timing and comments/tips on application, go to our web site&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cottonwood.ksu.edu/" target="_blank">www.cottonwood.ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;click onto the Crops and Livestock tab and look under hot topics.Field bindweed can be difficult to controlField bindweed is a particularly troublesome weed to control. In a 12-year experiment conducted at the Agricultural Research Center - Hays, field bindweed reduced wheat yield by 2 to 50%. Management of this weed during wheat establishment is important because field bindweed continues to grow until temperatures drop below 20°F.The herbicides most commonly recommended for field bindweed control include various formulations of 2,4-D, dicamba, and glyphosate. Dicamba tends to provide greater control for fall applications compared to 2,4-D or glyphosate, especially if plants are drought-stressed. Another commonly used product is Facet (quinclorac). It is most effective when applied just before the first killing frost. Other herbicides that are labeled for fall application to control or suppress field bindweed in wheat include Affinity, Aim, and Cimarron.A single herbicide application will not achieve satisfactory control of field bindweed. It will take multiple years of herbicide applications to deplete the energy stored in the root system and control an established infestation.For additional information, see the “<a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/Item.aspx?catId=236&amp;pubId=19360">2023 Chemical Weed Control for Field Crops, Pastures, and Noncropland</a>” guide available online, or check with your local K-State Research and Extension office for a paper copy.The use of trade names is for clarity to readers and does not imply endorsement of a particular product, nor does exclusion imply non-approval. Always consult the herbicide label for the most current use requirements.Stacy Campbell is a crop production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension.&nbsp;

CAMPBELL: Pre-emergence herbicides in wheat

The body and mind are connected in ways we don’t even realize. Neural transmitters and hormones are just a couple of examples of how the brain and body communicate with each other. 

What we do with our physical bodies such as exercise impacts our mental state. On the other hand, our thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes can affect our biological functioning! It is amazing how the mind and body work together, and the connection between physical and mental health is intertwined closer than we realize.

We all know that a sedentary lifestyle is bad for physical health, but mental health also suffers when we don’t get as much movement as needed. In fact, depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem are more prevalent in those who have sedentary lifestyles. 

Movement and muscle-strengthening activities release endorphins that boost energy levels and mood for immediate results. In the long term, exercise habits build strong bones and muscles, but it also builds neural pathways that allow for a strong mind. This improved connection boosts our functionality, positivity, and sense of happiness.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/6/1687379885179.png" alt="Karissa Winkel is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension, Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Karissa Winkel is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension, Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>The body and mind are connected in ways we don’t even realize. Neural transmitters and hormones are just a couple of examples of how the brain and body communicate with each other. What we do with our physical bodies such as exercise impacts our mental state. On the other hand, our thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes can affect our biological functioning! It is amazing how the mind and body work together, and the connection between physical and mental health is intertwined closer than we realize.We all know that a sedentary lifestyle is bad for physical health, but mental health also suffers when we don’t get as much movement as needed. In fact, depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem are more prevalent in those who have sedentary lifestyles. Movement and muscle-strengthening activities release endorphins that boost energy levels and mood for immediate results. In the long term, exercise habits build strong bones and muscles, but it also builds neural pathways that allow for a strong mind. This improved connection boosts our functionality, positivity, and sense of happiness.One of the most overlooked forms of exercise, dancing, enhances the brain-body connection and improves emotional awareness. When we dance, rigid emotional patterns are broken, allowing us to find new thought processes. This helps creative juices to get flowing, and it breaks negative thought cycles in our minds. So, this is your cue to take a dance break! You might just be surprised by how refreshing it is.Whatever your choice of movement is, be encouraged knowing that it has the opportunity to improve your physical well-being, and boost your mental state in return!Karissa Winkel is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at 620-793-1910 or krwinkel@ksu.edu.&nbsp;

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