By TISA MASON Fort Hays State University President

HAYS, Kan. - Since its early days as a “normal school,” or teacher’s college, FHSU has gone by several names: Western Branch of the Kansas Normal School, Fort Hays State Kansas State Normal School, Kansas State Teachers College of Hays, and Fort Hays State College. One central fact that has been at the core of all these changes is that Fort Hays State has been training teachers for more than 120 years. Our Department of Teacher Education signs nearly 1,000 teaching license applications annually.

Rising senior Josie Gage, a pathfinding future teacher, is from Maple City in Cowley County, Kansas. She knew at an early age that she learned best and thoroughly enjoyed hands-on learning, especially building things out of wood in shop class.

“I made all sorts of furniture in high school shop class,” Josie said. “I made a nightstand, a dresser, and bookshelves. For my senior project, I designed and built my own desk.”

Initially, Josie wanted to be an architecture major and began her college career with this in mind. She quickly realized the program would not be as hands-on or give her the opportunity to make the impact she wanted.

“The first year in the program mostly involved manual drafting and learning the basic principles of architecture,” Josie said.

Her desire to make an impact on others was a big factor in her decision to transfer. She thought she might be able to make that impact as a teacher. Josie shared her frustration with her boss in the Architecture Department’s construction shop, where she worked as a student employee. Like her high school shop teacher, her boss happened to be a graduate of FHSU’s Applied Technology program.

Josie decided that she wanted to be a shop teacher because she’d seen through her own experiences that it can be a daunting subject for most students. “My goal is to change that for my students, no matter how long they are in my classroom,” Josie said.

She had heard about the FHSU program from her high school shop teacher. When Josie visited FHSU with her dad and brother, she loved what she found.

I call Josie a pathfinder for several reasons. She is currently the only female enrolled in the technology and engineering program and in a degree track that will lead to becoming a teacher.

She is also a pathfinder in how she dove into a student leadership role in the Applied Technology Department.

Since transferring to FHSU in 2022, she has served as an officer in the university’s Technology and Engineering Education Collegiate Association (TEECA) chapter. Josie then successfully applied to join TEECA’s National Student Officer Team and served as the President-Elect for the 2023-2024 school year, where she helped organize TEECA events for the annual International

Technology and Engineering Educators (ITEEA) conference in Memphis, Tennessee. She will serve as president for the 2024-2025 academic year and will be leading the team to prepare for the 2025 ITEEA conference in St. Louis, Missouri.

Zach Pixler, an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Technology, said this of Josie: “She has become an integral part of our organization. Her work ethic, attention to detail, and organization skills, along with her ability to foster positive relationships with her peers, make her a very strong leader.”

This remarkable young woman is also a pathfinder in the way she has represented FHSU in typically male-dominated national competitions in her chosen discipline. At the most recent ITEEA conference in March, she was awarded the ITEEA Foundation Undergraduate Scholarship and earned National Champion honors in the Teaching Lesson competition. Her winning lesson involved amplifying the soundwaves from a cell phone playing Elvis Presley's music by placing the phone in a laser-cut all-wood box amplifier.

Josie looks forward to the opportunity to make a difference in her classroom, community, and professional field. This fall, she will complete a 40-hour internship observing a shop teacher in a secondary school. Next spring, Josie will complete her capstone student teaching experience. She wants to do that close to Hays so she can remain involved in TEECA and her Applied Technology community at FHSU.

Josie will graduate in May 2025. She is very well-prepared for her career and ready to serve where she is most needed. And thanks to FHSU’s commitment to affordability and several scholarships Josie earned, including the Kansas Board of Regents funded Kansas Teacher Service Scholarship, she will graduate debt-free.

“I really want to get through college debt-free. And as it stands now, I'm gonna make it,” Josie said.

Originally, Josie didn’t see herself as a pathfinder. She picked this academic degree and career path because she just wanted to be happy. Since then, she’s realized the great need for role models like her in technology education, especially for women.

“I want to show my students that a career involving building cool stuff is a great choice, but one that involves teaching students to become builders themselves is an even better one.”

Simply put, Josie wants to serve as a champion for promoting teaching technology and engineering education as a rewarding career choice.

“Even if I never find someone like me in this field, I still want to be that example for others,” Josie said. “I know that as a teacher, I will have the power to change the lives of my students, and with my experiences at FHSU, I will be ready for that challenge.”

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/12/1575301942236.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>By TISA MASON Fort Hays State University PresidentHAYS, Kan. - Since its early days as a “normal school,” or teacher’s college, FHSU has gone by several names: Western Branch of the Kansas Normal School, Fort Hays State Kansas State Normal School, Kansas State Teachers College of Hays, and Fort Hays State College. One central fact that has been at the core of all these changes is that Fort Hays State has been training teachers for more than 120 years. Our Department of Teacher Education signs nearly 1,000 teaching license applications annually.Rising senior Josie Gage, a pathfinding future teacher, is from Maple City in Cowley County, Kansas. She knew at an early age that she learned best and thoroughly enjoyed hands-on learning, especially building things out of wood in shop class.“I made all sorts of furniture in high school shop class,” Josie said. “I made a nightstand, a dresser, and bookshelves. For my senior project, I designed and built my own desk.”Initially, Josie wanted to be an architecture major and began her college career with this in mind. She quickly realized the program would not be as hands-on or give her the opportunity to make the impact she wanted.“The first year in the program mostly involved manual drafting and learning the basic principles of architecture,” Josie said.Her desire to make an impact on others was a big factor in her decision to transfer. She thought she might be able to make that impact as a teacher. Josie shared her frustration with her boss in the Architecture Department’s construction shop, where she worked as a student employee. Like her high school shop teacher, her boss happened to be a graduate of FHSU’s Applied Technology program.Josie decided that she wanted to be a shop teacher because she’d seen through her own experiences that it can be a daunting subject for most students. “My goal is to change that for my students, no matter how long they are in my classroom,” Josie said.She had heard about the FHSU program from her high school shop teacher. When Josie visited FHSU with her dad and brother, she loved what she found.I call Josie a pathfinder for several reasons. She is currently the only female enrolled in the technology and engineering program and in a degree track that will lead to becoming a teacher.She is also a pathfinder in how she dove into a student leadership role in the Applied Technology Department.Since transferring to FHSU in 2022, she has served as an officer in the university’s Technology and Engineering Education Collegiate Association (TEECA) chapter. Josie then successfully applied to join TEECA’s National Student Officer Team and served as the President-Elect for the 2023-2024 school year, where she helped organize TEECA events for the annual InternationalTechnology and Engineering Educators (ITEEA) conference in Memphis, Tennessee. She will serve as president for the 2024-2025 academic year and will be leading the team to prepare for the 2025 ITEEA conference in St. Louis, Missouri.Zach Pixler, an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Technology, said this of Josie: “She has become an integral part of our organization. Her work ethic, attention to detail, and organization skills, along with her ability to foster positive relationships with her peers, make her a very strong leader.”This remarkable young woman is also a pathfinder in the way she has represented FHSU in typically male-dominated national competitions in her chosen discipline. At the most recent ITEEA conference in March, she was awarded the ITEEA Foundation Undergraduate Scholarship and earned National Champion honors in the Teaching Lesson competition. Her winning lesson involved amplifying the soundwaves from a cell phone playing Elvis Presley's music by placing the phone in a laser-cut all-wood box amplifier.Josie looks forward to the opportunity to make a difference in her classroom, community, and professional field. This fall, she will complete a 40-hour internship observing a shop teacher in a secondary school. Next spring, Josie will complete her capstone student teaching experience. She wants to do that close to Hays so she can remain involved in TEECA and her Applied Technology community at FHSU.Josie will graduate in May 2025. She is very well-prepared for her career and ready to serve where she is most needed. And thanks to FHSU’s commitment to affordability and several scholarships Josie earned, including the Kansas Board of Regents funded Kansas Teacher Service Scholarship, she will graduate debt-free.“I really want to get through college debt-free. And as it stands now, I'm gonna make it,” Josie said.Originally, Josie didn’t see herself as a pathfinder. She picked this academic degree and career path because she just wanted to be happy. Since then, she’s realized the great need for role models like her in technology education, especially for women.“I want to show my students that a career involving building cool stuff is a great choice, but one that involves teaching students to become builders themselves is an even better one.”Simply put, Josie wants to serve as a champion for promoting teaching technology and engineering education as a rewarding career choice.“Even if I never find someone like me in this field, I still want to be that example for others,” Josie said. “I know that as a teacher, I will have the power to change the lives of my students, and with my experiences at FHSU, I will be ready for that challenge.”

Heart of a Tiger: Meet Josie Gage, a pathfinding future teacher

One branch of Mom’s family settled in Ford, Kansas, soon after it became a town in 1885. That group migrated to Kansas from Greene County, Indiana, and one family established a boarding house and livery stable. My great-grandmother was one of the first babies born in Ford in 1887.

Growing up, I discovered Ford because I visited the cemetery each year with my grandparents to put out Memorial Day flowers for my grandfather’s maternal and paternal families. Traveling to Ford, our grandparents enchanted us with tales about our ancestors and their struggles to survive in Southwest Kansas.

After we placed flowers on numerous plots, Grandpa drove around town recollecting locations of the schools, church, and homes where he and his many relatives once lived. To finish our journey, he’d cruise north toward the Ark River to check out the condition of the old Hatfield Livery Stable and Boarding House site where his mom grew up. During my lifetime, only the boarding house remained, but grandpa pointed out where the outbuildings and livery once stood. He’d embellish stories about ornery uncles and his grandma who kept them in line.

At that time, I thought I’d forever remember those stories and later on my mother’s so who needed to write stuff down? Now that I’ve joined the oldest generation, I wished I’d recorded those tales in indelible ink. Details once engraved in my brain have dwindled to knowing the location of the boarding house and finding family graves so I can decorate them.

Over the last ten years, something occurring all over rural Kansas has also happened in Ford. Original buildings dwindle away one broken window, fallen brick, and leaky roof at a time. Until recently, a sequence of families continued occupying that aging boarding house. Despite its decline, I loved spying evidence that kids still played in the yard.

Just south of the old house, Grandma pointed out the red brick Hatfield Mercantile building. In one rendition, this building played a role in our Canadian immigrant family connecting with Hatfields who came from Indiana. Somehow—details fade--a shopping trip led to a marriage and later on births of my grandfather and his brother.

Many Memorial Day visits ago, I can’t even recollect which era, I arrived to decorate and make the pilgrimage to the big white house, where I discovered that old store had tumbled into a pile of brick and dust. Only a foundation positioned just north of an insurance office that also functions as the city office remains.

For the past few years, no one has occupied the old Hatfield house, deteriorated to the point I wondered if this was the year I’d find only a foundation when I showed up Memorial Weekend. Though trees grow very near the base, hope prevailed. I spied a blue scaffold on the north side of the house and two replaced upper story windows.

While that old home once so full of busy lives needs considerable work, I hope new windows indicate its salvageability. I like to imagine a family resuscitating this building full of fascinating stories. What tales those walls could tell! If they start talking, I hope listeners write those stories down.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2024/6/1717291484349.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>By KAREN MADORINOne branch of Mom’s family settled in Ford, Kansas, soon after it became a town in 1885. That group migrated to Kansas from Greene County, Indiana, and one family established a boarding house and livery stable. My great-grandmother was one of the first babies born in Ford in 1887.Growing up, I discovered Ford because I visited the cemetery each year with my grandparents to put out Memorial Day flowers for my grandfather’s maternal and paternal families. Traveling to Ford, our grandparents enchanted us with tales about our ancestors and their struggles to survive in Southwest Kansas.After we placed flowers on numerous plots, Grandpa drove around town recollecting locations of the schools, church, and homes where he and his many relatives once lived. To finish our journey, he’d cruise north toward the Ark River to check out the condition of the old Hatfield Livery Stable and Boarding House site where his mom grew up. During my lifetime, only the boarding house remained, but grandpa pointed out where the outbuildings and livery once stood. He’d embellish stories about ornery uncles and his grandma who kept them in line.At that time, I thought I’d forever remember those stories and later on my mother’s so who needed to write stuff down? Now that I’ve joined the oldest generation, I wished I’d recorded those tales in indelible ink. Details once engraved in my brain have dwindled to knowing the location of the boarding house and finding family graves so I can decorate them.Over the last ten years, something occurring all over rural Kansas has also happened in Ford. Original buildings dwindle away one broken window, fallen brick, and leaky roof at a time. Until recently, a sequence of families continued occupying that aging boarding house. Despite its decline, I loved spying evidence that kids still played in the yard.Just south of the old house, Grandma pointed out the red brick Hatfield Mercantile building. In one rendition, this building played a role in our Canadian immigrant family connecting with Hatfields who came from Indiana. Somehow—details fade--a shopping trip led to a marriage and later on births of my grandfather and his brother.Many Memorial Day visits ago, I can’t even recollect which era, I arrived to decorate and make the pilgrimage to the big white house, where I discovered that old store had tumbled into a pile of brick and dust. Only a foundation positioned just north of an insurance office that also functions as the city office remains.For the past few years, no one has occupied the old Hatfield house, deteriorated to the point I wondered if this was the year I’d find only a foundation when I showed up Memorial Weekend. Though trees grow very near the base, hope prevailed. I spied a blue scaffold on the north side of the house and two replaced upper story windows.While that old home once so full of busy lives needs considerable work, I hope new windows indicate its salvageability. I like to imagine a family resuscitating this building full of fascinating stories. What tales those walls could tell! If they start talking, I hope listeners write those stories down.

MADORIN: Memorial Day memories, more

By ALEXANDRA MIDDLEWOOD Insight Kansas

On May 31st the Kansas Supreme Court ruled on a case challenging the state’s 2021 election laws that made it more difficult for Kansas citizens to vote.

In its majority decision, the Court states that there is no right to vote enshrined in the Kansas Bill of Rights, but that voting rights are explicitly given in Articles 4 and 5 of the Constitution.

As I was reading the news on the Court’s decision, I found myself recalling a book I recently read (via audiobook), Tyranny of the Minority, by prominent political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt.

In the book, Levitsky and Ziblatt state that the whole point of a democratic constitution is to establish a set of rights that are protected from the fleeting whims of present day policymakers. (They were of course discussing the US Constitution, but the same idea applies to state constitutions.)

They also argue that it is imperative we not forget that even the most well-intentioned constitutions are fallible. Even the most brilliant constitutional framers are not perfect, they cannot foresee what undemocratic challenges their document may face in a distant future.

The protection of voting rights is one such example.

Our state constitution was adopted six short years before voting rights were added to the US Constitution via the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, which allowed Kansas to build upon some of the US Constitution’s shortcomings by including voting rights.

As Levitsky and Ziblatt discuss in more detail, the Founders’ ideas regarding democracy were certainly novel and also quite radical for the time, but their goal was not to build what we would today consider to be a modern democracy.

Many Americans revere the Constitution as a virtually infallible document. But this is not reality. The Constitution was not a well-thought-out master plan for democracy. It was built on improvisation and compromise.

We should take care to view our constitutions for exactly what they are, imperfect governing documents that are meant to evolve with the changing societal and political needs of a democracy and its citizenry.

The Kansas Supreme Court’s decision furthers the need for this approach.

The decision can be interpreted in such a way that the state constitution only protects procedural representation — the right of citizens to vote for government representatives. As the Court’s dissenting opinion points out, there is a question of whether the Constitution protects substantive representation — the representation of citizens’ interests in the policymaking process.

The dissenting justices argued that substantive representation is protected by the state’s constitution, but the majority opinion disregarded this interpretation.

In other words, the Court ruled that citizens do indeed have a right to vote, but their elected representatives are not required to act in accordance with citizens’ wishes and interests.

A modern democracy is not simply a system of majority rule; it combines majority rule and minority rights.

To once again borrow from Levitsky and Ziblatt: democracies must create mechanisms that protect the democratic process from forces that would undermine it.

Democracy cannot exist without free and fair elections. But not everything can or should be up for grabs by officials who are elected, or appointed, to represent us, especially voting rights.

It is exceedingly concerning that the state’s highest court would exclude substantive representation as an important aspect of protecting voting rights.

The ruling exposes a significant oversight in the interpretation of voting rights within the state constitution.

It is crucial for citizens to remain vigilant and advocate for policies that protect and expand voting rights for all citizens, ensuring that our state democracy reflects its core values of inclusivity and participation.

Alexandra Middlewood, PhD is the Department Chair of Political Science at Wichita State University.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/9/1694699489540.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>By ALEXANDRA MIDDLEWOOD Insight KansasOn May 31st the Kansas Supreme Court ruled on a case challenging the state’s 2021 election laws that made it more difficult for Kansas citizens to vote.In its majority decision, the Court states that there is no right to vote enshrined in the Kansas Bill of Rights, but that voting rights are explicitly given in Articles 4 and 5 of the Constitution.As I was reading the news on the Court’s decision, I found myself recalling a book I recently read (via audiobook), Tyranny of the Minority, by prominent political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt.In the book, Levitsky and Ziblatt state that the whole point of a democratic constitution is to establish a set of rights that are protected from the fleeting whims of present day policymakers. (They were of course discussing the US Constitution, but the same idea applies to state constitutions.)They also argue that it is imperative we not forget that even the most well-intentioned constitutions are fallible. Even the most brilliant constitutional framers are not perfect, they cannot foresee what undemocratic challenges their document may face in a distant future.The protection of voting rights is one such example.Our state constitution was adopted six short years before voting rights were added to the US Constitution via the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, which allowed Kansas to build upon some of the US Constitution’s shortcomings by including voting rights.As Levitsky and Ziblatt discuss in more detail, the Founders’ ideas regarding democracy were certainly novel and also quite radical for the time, but their goal was not to build what we would today consider to be a modern democracy.Many Americans revere the Constitution as a virtually infallible document. But this is not reality. The Constitution was not a well-thought-out master plan for democracy. It was built on improvisation and compromise.We should take care to view our constitutions for exactly what they are, imperfect governing documents that are meant to evolve with the changing societal and political needs of a democracy and its citizenry.The Kansas Supreme Court’s decision furthers the need for this approach.The decision can be interpreted in such a way that the state constitution only protects procedural representation — the right of citizens to vote for government representatives. As the Court’s dissenting opinion points out, there is a question of whether the Constitution protects substantive representation — the representation of citizens’ interests in the policymaking process.The dissenting justices argued that substantive representation is protected by the state’s constitution, but the majority opinion disregarded this interpretation.In other words, the Court ruled that citizens do indeed have a right to vote, but their elected representatives are not required to act in accordance with citizens’ wishes and interests.This is concerning.A modern democracy is not simply a system of majority rule; it combines majority rule and minority rights.To once again borrow from Levitsky and Ziblatt: democracies must create mechanisms that protect the democratic process from forces that would undermine it.Democracy cannot exist without free and fair elections. But not everything can or should be up for grabs by officials who are elected, or appointed, to represent us, especially voting rights.It is exceedingly concerning that the state’s highest court would exclude substantive representation as an important aspect of protecting voting rights.The ruling exposes a significant oversight in the interpretation of voting rights within the state constitution.It is crucial for citizens to remain vigilant and advocate for policies that protect and expand voting rights for all citizens, ensuring that our state democracy reflects its core values of inclusivity and participation.Alexandra Middlewood, PhD is the Department Chair of Political Science at Wichita State University.

INSIGHT KANSAS: KS Supreme Court ruling highlights the fragility of voting rights

By KARISSA WINKEL Cottonwood Extension District

Have you ever considered yourself a caregiver? Have you looked after someone suffering a disability, illness, or injury? Have you raised children? If the answer is ‘yes,’ to any of these, you have played an invaluable role as a caregiver.

As you probably know, caregivers help with daily activities such as dressing, cooking, managing health concerns, and providing priceless emotional support.

With aging populations, an increase in chronic disease, and rising dementia rates, the need for caregivers is growing rapidly. In today’s world, many caregivers go unnoticed while balancing multiple responsibilities. For example, caregivers often fulfill various roles as employees, parents, and spouses. While responding to demands in other areas of life, taking on the title of “caregiver” can be another full-time commitment. This can lead to exhaustion and burnout. However, a person can’t effectively pour into others until they fill their own cup.

This is why caregivers must practice self-care, and for this same reason, A Different Mindset Association was formed in Hays, Kansas. This group came together as individual caregivers, seeking ways to support others facing similar challenges. Specifically, the association recognizes the need for respite care among those with dementia-related diseases and aims to provide education, network resources, and promote awareness about dementia. Currently, the group hosts caregiver support group meetings via Zoom and provides an in-person option at The Center for Health Improvement in Hays, Ks.

As a former caregiver, Co-founder, Micki Armstrong, shares her advice, “Self-care is a very important aspect of caregiving. Make sure that you’re taking care of yourself because statistics show that sometimes the caregiver falls ill or even dies before the person that they’re caring for does. So, it’s important that you have a support system that you exercise and that you give yourself a break. Find some respite care, because if you don’t, it will affect your health.”

A Different Mindset Association plans to launch respite services for caregivers soon. In the meantime, they will host an event, “A Polka Night to Remember,” that the whole family can enjoy. The group hopes to alleviate stress for caregivers and provide entertainment for all generations. It will take place on Saturday, June 8th from 6:00-10:30 pm at the VFW in Victoria, KS. All money raised will stay local to fund Dementia and Alzheimer’s Programs along with Caregiver Support in Ellis County and surrounding areas. Enjoy Polka music by Karl Meis, a dinner buffet by Brenton Hoffman Catering, a cash bar, door prizes, and a raffle for a quarter-side processed beef donated by VJS Polled Herefords and the Brian Staab family. Tickets are available at A Different Mindset Association’s website or call 785-269-1928.

According to the Alzheimer’s Association, “More than 11 million Americans provide unpaid care for a family member or friend with dementia, a contribution to the nation valued at nearly $340 billion.”

The role of a caregiver is significant. It is explained by some as “the most rewarding job,” yet it is highly demanding. Support A Different Mindset Association and our invaluable caregivers by joining them for “A Polka Night to Remember” on Saturday, June 8th.

Karissa Winkel is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 620-793-1910 or krwinkel@ksu.edu.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1697546908793.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>By KARISSA WINKEL Cottonwood Extension DistrictHave you ever considered yourself a caregiver? Have you looked after someone suffering a disability, illness, or injury? Have you raised children? If the answer is ‘yes,’ to any of these, you have played an invaluable role as a caregiver.As you probably know, caregivers help with daily activities such as dressing, cooking, managing health concerns, and providing priceless emotional support.With aging populations, an increase in chronic disease, and rising dementia rates, the need for caregivers is growing rapidly. In today’s world, many caregivers go unnoticed while balancing multiple responsibilities. For example, caregivers often fulfill various roles as employees, parents, and spouses. While responding to demands in other areas of life, taking on the title of “caregiver” can be another full-time commitment. This can lead to exhaustion and burnout. However, a person can’t effectively pour into others until they fill their own cup.This is why caregivers must practice self-care, and for this same reason, A Different Mindset Association was formed in Hays, Kansas. This group came together as individual caregivers, seeking ways to support others facing similar challenges. Specifically, the association recognizes the need for respite care among those with dementia-related diseases and aims to provide education, network resources, and promote awareness about dementia. Currently, the group hosts caregiver support group meetings via Zoom and provides an in-person option at The Center for Health Improvement in Hays, Ks.As a former caregiver, Co-founder, Micki Armstrong, shares her advice, “Self-care is a very important aspect of caregiving. Make sure that you’re taking care of yourself because statistics show that sometimes the caregiver falls ill or even dies before the person that they’re caring for does. So, it’s important that you have a support system that you exercise and that you give yourself a break. Find some respite care, because if you don’t, it will affect your health.”A Different Mindset Association plans to launch respite services for caregivers soon. In the meantime, they will host an event, “A Polka Night to Remember,” that the whole family can enjoy. The group hopes to alleviate stress for caregivers and provide entertainment for all generations. It will take place on Saturday, June 8th from 6:00-10:30 pm at the VFW in Victoria, KS. All money raised will stay local to fund Dementia and Alzheimer’s Programs along with Caregiver Support in Ellis County and surrounding areas. Enjoy Polka music by Karl Meis, a dinner buffet by Brenton Hoffman Catering, a cash bar, door prizes, and a raffle for a quarter-side processed beef donated by VJS Polled Herefords and the Brian Staab family. Tickets are available at A Different Mindset Association’s website or call 785-269-1928.According to the Alzheimer’s Association, “More than 11 million Americans provide unpaid care for a family member or friend with dementia, a contribution to the nation valued at nearly $340 billion.”The role of a caregiver is significant. It is explained by some as “the most rewarding job,” yet it is highly demanding. Support A Different Mindset Association and our invaluable caregivers by joining them for “A Polka Night to Remember” on Saturday, June 8th.Karissa Winkel is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 620-793-1910 or krwinkel@ksu.edu.

WINKEL: Self-care for the caregiver

College tuition is going up in Kansas on all public university campuses. Operating costs are escalating, and higher education is faced with new Department of Labor overtime rules, a volatile employment market, and inflation—unfortunately, we experience that in many of the things we purchase on a regular basis.

Earlier this month, Kansas’ six public universities presented their proposed tuition and fee schedule for 2024-25 to the Kansas Board of Regents. Fort Hays State University, which has a long history of commitment to affordability, stood out from the rest with a proposed 6 percent increase. Before casting dispersions on the university for what many see as a big jump, it is important to know the rest of the story. A fuller story that was not reported in the media.

• Annual tuition for a full-time student at Fort Hays State would be $5,924, almost half the national average for public universities

• The proposed tuition at Fort Hays, even with the 6 percent increase, is still 35 percent less than the Kansas average for public universities

• In preparing the tuition proposal, the university looked at market trends and institutional needs believed essential to maintaining the balance between affordability and quality, long the hallmarks of a Fort Hays State education.

A commitment to accessibility and excellence guide Fort Hays State University leadership in important decisions concerning the cost of a university education. The tuition proposal presented to the Kansas Board of Regents will allow the university to continue its commitment to offering the best value in higher education in Kansas, something we all can support.

— Janis K. Lee, retired Kansas state senator

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698091063975.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>College tuition is going up in Kansas on all public university campuses. Operating costs are escalating, and higher education is faced with new Department of Labor overtime rules, a volatile employment market, and inflation—unfortunately, we experience that in many of the things we purchase on a regular basis.Earlier this month, Kansas’ six public universities presented their proposed tuition and fee schedule for 2024-25 to the Kansas Board of Regents. Fort Hays State University, which has a long history of commitment to affordability, stood out from the rest with a proposed 6 percent increase. Before casting dispersions on the university for what many see as a big jump, it is important to know the rest of the story. A fuller story that was not reported in the media.• Annual tuition for a full-time student at Fort Hays State would be $5,924, almost half the national average for public universities• The proposed tuition at Fort Hays, even with the 6 percent increase, is still 35 percent less than the Kansas average for public universities• In preparing the tuition proposal, the university looked at market trends and institutional needs believed essential to maintaining the balance between affordability and quality, long the hallmarks of a Fort Hays State education.A commitment to accessibility and excellence guide Fort Hays State University leadership in important decisions concerning the cost of a university education. The tuition proposal presented to the Kansas Board of Regents will allow the university to continue its commitment to offering the best value in higher education in Kansas, something we all can support.— Janis K. Lee, retired Kansas state senator

LETTER TO THE EDITOR: And now the the rest of the story, college tuition

By MARK JOSLYN Insight Kansas

Why did this happen? How can it be prevented from happening again?

These are the questions asked after gunfire erupted at the conclusion of the Kansas City Super Bowl parade that left one person dead and dozens injured – including 11 children.

Citizens turned to the government for answers.

Yet the solutions proposed by elected officials differed along partisan lines.

Most Democrats consider guns a primary threat to safety. They cite thousands of gun deaths and injuries as evidence, including horrific mass shootings. To mitigate risks, and safeguard the well-being of everyone, stricter regulations that control gun ownership are required.

Most Republicans consider guns crucial for self-defense. Responsible gun owners can protect themselves and others from those who intend harm. Making access to firearms easier, not harder, empowers law-abiding citizens and contributes to a safer society.

These radically different approaches frustrate anxious citizens, fuel partisan discord, and often result in legislative paralysis.

It’s in fact astonishing how few politicians grasp the value of collaboration after such traumatic events.

If gun laws are modified, it’s typically due to the legislative dominance of one party. For example, six months after a deadly mass shooting in Maine that resulted in the deaths of 18 people and injuries to 13 others, the Democrat-led legislature passed various guns measures including 72-hour waiting periods for gun purchases, expanded background checks, and a ban on devices that convert guns into rapid-fire weapons. After a school shooting in Iowa, where a school principal and sixth grade student died and several more injured, Republicans passed a bill allowing trained teachers and staff to carry guns on school property. It also required large districts to have an armed security officer at each high school – unless the school board opted out. Polling in Kansas and Missouri suggests strong support for gun measures including criminal and mental health background checks and requiring people to be 21 or older to purchase a gun. There’s also modest support for teachers with proper training to carry firearms.

Both legislatures failed to give these measures serious consideration.

Now is the time for a new path forward. Research shows most gun violence is spatially concentrated, arising from structural disadvantages such as poverty, densely crowded housing, high unemployment, lower educational attainment, as well as poor mental health, exposure to violence, and drug/alcohol abuse.

Addressing these disadvantages requires improving economic opportunities, renovating environments such as dilapidated housing and vacant buildings, developing more parks and community centers, and strengthening civic infrastructures so people can learn ways to mitigate gun violence and establish organizations to partner with police and mental health professionals.

By focusing on structural factors, lawmakers from both sides of the aisle can embrace a politically viable and arguably more effective approach.

So, when the unsettling pattern repeats – gun violence, partisan squabbles, and frequent stalemate, keep in mind gun violence has multiple causes, and existing gun laws are just one piece of a very large and complex puzzle.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/9/1695215697316.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>By MARK JOSLYN Insight KansasWhy did this happen? How can it be prevented from happening again?These are the questions asked after gunfire erupted at the conclusion of the Kansas City Super Bowl parade that left one person dead and dozens injured – including 11 children.Citizens turned to the government for answers.Yet the solutions proposed by elected officials differed along partisan lines.Most Democrats consider guns a primary threat to safety. They cite thousands of gun deaths and injuries as evidence, including horrific mass shootings. To mitigate risks, and safeguard the well-being of everyone, stricter regulations that control gun ownership are required.Most Republicans consider guns crucial for self-defense. Responsible gun owners can protect themselves and others from those who intend harm. Making access to firearms easier, not harder, empowers law-abiding citizens and contributes to a safer society.These radically different approaches frustrate anxious citizens, fuel partisan discord, and often result in legislative paralysis.It’s in fact astonishing how few politicians grasp the value of collaboration after such traumatic events.Party agendas come first.If gun laws are modified, it’s typically due to the legislative dominance of one party. For example, six months after a deadly mass shooting in Maine that resulted in the deaths of 18 people and injuries to 13 others, the Democrat-led legislature passed various guns measures including 72-hour waiting periods for gun purchases, expanded background checks, and a ban on devices that convert guns into rapid-fire weapons. After a school shooting in Iowa, where a school principal and sixth grade student died and several more injured, Republicans passed a bill allowing trained teachers and staff to carry guns on school property. It also required large districts to have an armed security officer at each high school – unless the school board opted out. Polling in Kansas and Missouri suggests strong support for gun measures including criminal and mental health background checks and requiring people to be 21 or older to purchase a gun. There’s also modest support for teachers with proper training to carry firearms.Both legislatures failed to give these measures serious consideration.Now is the time for a new path forward. Research shows most gun violence is spatially concentrated, arising from structural disadvantages such as poverty, densely crowded housing, high unemployment, lower educational attainment, as well as poor mental health, exposure to violence, and drug/alcohol abuse.Addressing these disadvantages requires improving economic opportunities, renovating environments such as dilapidated housing and vacant buildings, developing more parks and community centers, and strengthening civic infrastructures so people can learn ways to mitigate gun violence and establish organizations to partner with police and mental health professionals.By focusing on structural factors, lawmakers from both sides of the aisle can embrace a politically viable and arguably more effective approach.So, when the unsettling pattern repeats – gun violence, partisan squabbles, and frequent stalemate, keep in mind gun violence has multiple causes, and existing gun laws are just one piece of a very large and complex puzzle.

INSIGHT KANSAS: Partisan solutions to stop gun violence are due for a change.   

By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension District

Physical activity has many benefits. Walking, running, biking, swimming, lifting weights, playing sports, and moving more can add years to your life. Physical activity can improve your health, mood, and energy levels. But sometimes, the inspiration to get moving may be lacking. That’s when friends, family, and other social connections can help.

Research has shown that connecting with others, called social support, can help us get active and make changes to improve our health. Other people can help us start, continue, or increase how much we move. They can also help us make physical activity a habit.

There are many different types of social support. Social support doesn’t only include people you already know. It can include groups that help get you moving, like walking or hiking clubs. It can also mean going to exercise classes, whether in person or online. There are even social media communities that provide social support for exercise.

Social support can help people of all ages and abilities get more physical activity, even those with chronic (long-lasting) health problems.

Social support can make physical activity more fun and inviting. And being active is an important goal for just about everyone.

Regular physical activity can reduce the risk of serious health conditions. These include heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and cancer. Activity can boost brain health, improve sleep, and more.

Yet most American adults do not get the recommended amounts of physical activity. That’s at least two and a half hours of moderate activity, such as brisk walking, each week. Muscle-strengthening activities, like lifting weights, are also recommended at least twice a week.

Getting in that much activity might seem challenging. Any amount of physical activity is better than none. Even short bursts of activity throughout the day can be helpful, like 5 or 10 minutes at a time.

Companionship is a huge part of being active because being with someone can make physical activity more enjoyable. It can provide encouragement that keeps you going. And research has

found that social support can increase self-efficacy, which is the feeling that you can do something and be successful.

Finding physical activity you enjoy is often key to success. If you don’t enjoy it, it’ll be hard to make it into a daily or weekly habit.

Planning with someone and sticking to it can be especially helpful. Agree to meet at certain times to get active together. Or agree to check in with each other regularly at specific times. You can share successes and struggles.

If you plan to be active with a friend or family member, you’re more likely to keep that commitment. You’ll meet with them as promised and it helps keep you accountable.

Research shows that interacting with others can also help you to set and meet goals. People can help each other be physically active even if they’re not exercising together. And it can help if you make it fun. One NIH-supported study found that a game-based approach helped people get active after hospital discharge. Study participants wore a step-tracking device. They received game points and positive feedback for meeting step goals. Each also chose a supportive partner, like a friend or family member, to help keep them accountable. The partners received email updates on participants’ progress. They also provided encouragement.

By the end of 12 weeks, people who had higher social engagement had a significant increase in daily steps. A follow-up study is underway to see if an online coach can boost activity even more.

Certain groups of people have specific barriers that can keep them from getting active. For instance, older adults who’ve had a major health event like a heart attack may have anxiety or concerns about being physically active. Yet activity is so important for their health and recovery.

People with serious health conditions often have worries that keep them from getting active. They may avoid going to the gym because they feel embarrassed that they’re not able to do what other people can do. But being part of a group can have a positive impact. There’s something powerful about the shared experience. They see others who have a similar medical issue who are now able to exercise. It sets an example: If they can do it, I can do that too.

· Build your network. Find a group for people with shared interests, like a walking, hiking, dancing, or biking club.

· Make a shared routine. Commit to a walking schedule with a neighbor, family member, or friend.

· Be accountable. Share your physical activity goals with people you trust. Ask for their support.

· Take a class. Try a yoga, tai chi, or fitness class with a friend. You can even take a virtual class online with a friend in another town.

· Join a team. Look for local softball, soccer, or other sports teams.

· Family activity. Join your kids for a bike ride or throw a ball around before starting on homework or chores.

· Get dancing. Go to a local dance, take dance classes, or dance with family at home.

· Move more at work. Join worksite wellness and walking groups.

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension DistrictPhysical activity has many benefits. Walking, running, biking, swimming, lifting weights, playing sports, and moving more can add years to your life. Physical activity can improve your health, mood, and energy levels. But sometimes, the inspiration to get moving may be lacking. That’s when friends, family, and other social connections can help.Research has shown that connecting with others, called social support, can help us get active and make changes to improve our health. Other people can help us start, continue, or increase how much we move. They can also help us make physical activity a habit.There are many different types of social support. Social support doesn’t only include people you already know. It can include groups that help get you moving, like walking or hiking clubs. It can also mean going to exercise classes, whether in person or online. There are even social media communities that provide social support for exercise.Social support can help people of all ages and abilities get more physical activity, even those with chronic (long-lasting) health problems.The More the MerrierSocial support can make physical activity more fun and inviting. And being active is an important goal for just about everyone.Regular physical activity can reduce the risk of serious health conditions. These include heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and cancer. Activity can boost brain health, improve sleep, and more.Yet most American adults do not get the recommended amounts of physical activity. That’s at least two and a half hours of moderate activity, such as brisk walking, each week. Muscle-strengthening activities, like lifting weights, are also recommended at least twice a week.Getting in that much activity might seem challenging. Any amount of physical activity is better than none. Even short bursts of activity throughout the day can be helpful, like 5 or 10 minutes at a time.Companionship is a huge part of being active because being with someone can make physical activity more enjoyable. It can provide encouragement that keeps you going. And research hasfound that social support can increase self-efficacy, which is the feeling that you can do something and be successful.Finding physical activity you enjoy is often key to success. If you don’t enjoy it, it’ll be hard to make it into a daily or weekly habit.Plan TogetherPlanning with someone and sticking to it can be especially helpful. Agree to meet at certain times to get active together. Or agree to check in with each other regularly at specific times. You can share successes and struggles.If you plan to be active with a friend or family member, you’re more likely to keep that commitment. You’ll meet with them as promised and it helps keep you accountable.Research shows that interacting with others can also help you to set and meet goals. People can help each other be physically active even if they’re not exercising together. And it can help if you make it fun. One NIH-supported study found that a game-based approach helped people get active after hospital discharge. Study participants wore a step-tracking device. They received game points and positive feedback for meeting step goals. Each also chose a supportive partner, like a friend or family member, to help keep them accountable. The partners received email updates on participants’ progress. They also provided encouragement.By the end of 12 weeks, people who had higher social engagement had a significant increase in daily steps. A follow-up study is underway to see if an online coach can boost activity even more.Overcoming ObstaclesCertain groups of people have specific barriers that can keep them from getting active. For instance, older adults who’ve had a major health event like a heart attack may have anxiety or concerns about being physically active. Yet activity is so important for their health and recovery.People with serious health conditions often have worries that keep them from getting active. They may avoid going to the gym because they feel embarrassed that they’re not able to do what other people can do. But being part of a group can have a positive impact. There’s something powerful about the shared experience. They see others who have a similar medical issue who are now able to exercise. It sets an example: If they can do it, I can do that too.Get Moving With Others· Build your network. Find a group for people with shared interests, like a walking, hiking, dancing, or biking club.· Make a shared routine. Commit to a walking schedule with a neighbor, family member, or friend.· Be accountable. Share your physical activity goals with people you trust. Ask for their support.· Take a class. Try a yoga, tai chi, or fitness class with a friend. You can even take a virtual class online with a friend in another town.· Join a team. Look for local softball, soccer, or other sports teams.· Family activity. Join your kids for a bike ride or throw a ball around before starting on homework or chores.· Get dancing. Go to a local dance, take dance classes, or dance with family at home.· Move more at work. Join worksite wellness and walking groups.Source: NIH News in HealthMonique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu

KOERNER: Get active together

As May comes to a close, so does National Treatment Court Month. It is led by All Rise, the training, membership, and advocacy organization for justice system innovation addressing substance use and mental health at every intercept point. National Treatment Court Month recognizes that we can provide effective alternatives to incarceration for individuals with substance use and mental health disorders; it is also a celebration of the lives saved, families reunited, and communities restored by treatment and recovery. There are now more than 4,000 treatment courts in the United States, including nineteen in the state of Kansas with plans for several more in the coming months and years. Treatment courts are a sentencing alternative that provide lifesaving treatment to justice involved individuals with substance use and mental health disorders.

According to All Rise, treatment courts are the single most successful intervention in our nation’s history for leading people with substance use and mental health disorders out of the justice system and into lives of recovery, stability, and health. Treatment courts have transformed the way the justice system responds to individuals with substance use and mental health disorders by combining accountability with evidence-based treatment. By delivering individualized, evidence-based treatment, supervision, drug testing, and social services, treatment courts save lives and reduce crime. According to All Rise, treatment courts annually refer more than 150,000 people to lifesaving treatment and recovery support services. Not only is the treatment court approach effective and humane, but it also saves considerable money for taxpayers. According to All Rise, research shows that treatment courts produce benefits of $6,208 per participant and return up to $27 for every $1 invested. According to the 2020 annual report from the Kansas Department of Corrections, it costs an average of $30,100 a year to keep someone in prison. (allrise.org; kscourts.org) 

The Ellis County Recovery Court (formerly Ellis County Drug Court) began in 2018 and has had fifty-eight participants to date successfully complete our program. Our court is one of thousands that demonstrate why treatment courts are so critical in the effort to address addiction and related crime. The scientific research agrees: Numerous studies have found that treatment courts reduce crime and drug use and save money. 

Research shows treatment courts also improve education, employment, housing, financial stability, and family reunification, which reduces foster care placements. 

Treatment courts represent a compassionate approach to the ravages of addiction. Ellis County is privileged to be able to reap the economic and societal benefits of its Recovery Court. The Recovery Court team thanks the community for its continued support of our efforts to make a difference in Ellis County and the 23rd Judicial District.

&nbsp;— TERESA GREENWOOD,&nbsp;23rd Judicial District Recovery Court Coordinator

As May comes to a close, so does National Treatment Court Month. It is led by All Rise, the training, membership, and advocacy organization for justice system innovation addressing substance use and mental health at every intercept point. National Treatment Court Month recognizes that we can provide effective alternatives to incarceration for individuals with substance use and mental health disorders; it is also a celebration of the lives saved, families reunited, and communities restored by treatment and recovery. There are now more than 4,000 treatment courts in the United States, including nineteen in the state of Kansas with plans for several more in the coming months and years. Treatment courts are a sentencing alternative that provide lifesaving treatment to justice involved individuals with substance use and mental health disorders.According to All Rise, treatment courts are the single most successful intervention in our nation’s history for leading people with substance use and mental health disorders out of the justice system and into lives of recovery, stability, and health. Treatment courts have transformed the way the justice system responds to individuals with substance use and mental health disorders by combining accountability with evidence-based treatment. By delivering individualized, evidence-based treatment, supervision, drug testing, and social services, treatment courts save lives and reduce crime. According to All Rise, treatment courts annually refer more than 150,000 people to lifesaving treatment and recovery support services. Not only is the treatment court approach effective and humane, but it also saves considerable money for taxpayers. According to All Rise, research shows that treatment courts produce benefits of $6,208 per participant and return up to $27 for every $1 invested. According to the 2020 annual report from the Kansas Department of Corrections, it costs an average of $30,100 a year to keep someone in prison. (allrise.org; kscourts.org) The Ellis County Recovery Court (formerly Ellis County Drug Court) began in 2018 and has had fifty-eight participants to date successfully complete our program. Our court is one of thousands that demonstrate why treatment courts are so critical in the effort to address addiction and related crime. The scientific research agrees: Numerous studies have found that treatment courts reduce crime and drug use and save money. Research shows treatment courts also improve education, employment, housing, financial stability, and family reunification, which reduces foster care placements. Treatment courts represent a compassionate approach to the ravages of addiction. Ellis County is privileged to be able to reap the economic and societal benefits of its Recovery Court. The Recovery Court team thanks the community for its continued support of our efforts to make a difference in Ellis County and the 23rd Judicial District.&nbsp;— TERESA GREENWOOD,&nbsp;23rd Judicial District Recovery Court Coordinator

LETTER TO THE EDITOR: Celebrating National Treatment Court Month

Following the Civil War, many officers born and raised in the East continued serving their country on the Kansas frontier. That legion included Captain Albert Barnitz, born in Pennsylvania in 1835 and reared in Ohio. He studied first at Kenyon College and later continued his education at Cleveland Law College. While there, he published a book of poetry titled Mystic Delvings. This hinted at writing tendencies modern readers continue to enjoy.

Barnitz’s path to Kansas began after the death of his first wife who died in childbirth in 1860. Still grieving, he joined the 13th Ohio Infantry as a three-month volunteer in 1861. Following that service, he enlisted in the 2nd Ohio Cavalry as a sergeant. By 1863, Barnitz achieved senior captain rank.

Following his recovery from severe injuries, Barnitz returned to serve under the command of George A. Custer in the Shenandoah Valley and fought his last battle at Appomattox. He returned briefly to civilian life, but received a captain’s commission in the U.S. Army in 1866. The following year he married his second wife Jennie Platt, and they began their Great Plains adventure that included the two writing and saving a series of letters and journals that reflect the military and social life of the period.

During his military career, Barnitz served at several frontier forts, including Leavenworth, Riley, and Harker. His wife Jennie joined him at several of these postings. When they weren’t together, they wrote one another regularly. Albert also kept a journal of his experiences over decades. Fortunately for posterity, they saved these documents.

Through these letters and journals, readers can time travel to the years 1866 – 1869 on the Plains. Robert Utley collected and edited them into a book titled Life in Custer’s 7th Cavalry. Barnitz and Jennie write about military experiences, life on the prairie, Hancock’s failed expedition, a battle with Indians at Fort Wallace, Camp Alfred Gibbs (just west of Ellis, Kansas), and Jennie surviving a flash flood at the first site of Fort Hays.

Piquing the interest of history buffs, Albert and Jennie’s letters reveal personal information about the Custers, Colonel Alfred Gibbs, Major Joel Elliott, Miles Keogh, and other famous colleagues. Through this couple’s running commentary, readers see historical personages as real people complete with strengths and frailties. In addition, they see Barnitz’s attitudes about these individuals evolve, showing how his and Jennie’s opinions changed continually. This couple’s correspondence would’ve enthralled historian Robert Utley as he studied their decades of communication.

Their letters reveal Albert and Jennie’s love story, his desire to be a good officer, and his disgust with fellow officers who drank too much or abused their troops. Interested in nature, he provides excellent accounts of regional wildlife, plants, and weather as well.

Because Barnitz had the observational and writing skills of a poet, his records of military life during one of the frontier’s most active periods provide a time machine-like glimpse into a vanished era. Life in Custer’s Cavalry offers more than communication between a man and woman. It’s an invitation to visit their world, one we occupy today.

By KAREN MADORINFollowing the Civil War, many officers born and raised in the East continued serving their country on the Kansas frontier. That legion included Captain Albert Barnitz, born in Pennsylvania in 1835 and reared in Ohio. He studied first at Kenyon College and later continued his education at Cleveland Law College. While there, he published a book of poetry titled Mystic Delvings. This hinted at writing tendencies modern readers continue to enjoy.Barnitz’s path to Kansas began after the death of his first wife who died in childbirth in 1860. Still grieving, he joined the 13th Ohio Infantry as a three-month volunteer in 1861. Following that service, he enlisted in the 2nd Ohio Cavalry as a sergeant. By 1863, Barnitz achieved senior captain rank.Following his recovery from severe injuries, Barnitz returned to serve under the command of George A. Custer in the Shenandoah Valley and fought his last battle at Appomattox. He returned briefly to civilian life, but received a captain’s commission in the U.S. Army in 1866. The following year he married his second wife Jennie Platt, and they began their Great Plains adventure that included the two writing and saving a series of letters and journals that reflect the military and social life of the period.During his military career, Barnitz served at several frontier forts, including Leavenworth, Riley, and Harker. His wife Jennie joined him at several of these postings. When they weren’t together, they wrote one another regularly. Albert also kept a journal of his experiences over decades. Fortunately for posterity, they saved these documents.Through these letters and journals, readers can time travel to the years 1866 – 1869 on the Plains. Robert Utley collected and edited them into a book titled Life in Custer’s 7th Cavalry. Barnitz and Jennie write about military experiences, life on the prairie, Hancock’s failed expedition, a battle with Indians at Fort Wallace, Camp Alfred Gibbs (just west of Ellis, Kansas), and Jennie surviving a flash flood at the first site of Fort Hays.Piquing the interest of history buffs, Albert and Jennie’s letters reveal personal information about the Custers, Colonel Alfred Gibbs, Major Joel Elliott, Miles Keogh, and other famous colleagues. Through this couple’s running commentary, readers see historical personages as real people complete with strengths and frailties. In addition, they see Barnitz’s attitudes about these individuals evolve, showing how his and Jennie’s opinions changed continually. This couple’s correspondence would’ve enthralled historian Robert Utley as he studied their decades of communication.Their letters reveal Albert and Jennie’s love story, his desire to be a good officer, and his disgust with fellow officers who drank too much or abused their troops. Interested in nature, he provides excellent accounts of regional wildlife, plants, and weather as well.Because Barnitz had the observational and writing skills of a poet, his records of military life during one of the frontier’s most active periods provide a time machine-like glimpse into a vanished era. Life in Custer’s Cavalry offers more than communication between a man and woman. It’s an invitation to visit their world, one we occupy today.

MADORIN: Captain Albert Barnitz, his letters and journals

By KARISSA WINKEL Cottonwood Extension District

We all know that relationships are an important part of life, but they are more impactful than we give them credit for. Dependable family members, stress-relieving friendships, and supportive coworkers bring color to life. These connections even support healthy behaviors, enhance mental health, and bolster brain function.

Who would have thought that relationships could have such a large stake in physical health? When we think about ways to improve well-being, many of us envision a leafy green salad, not a game of cards. However, the people we surround ourselves with (or don’t) have a larger role than we imagine.

First, quality connections give us purpose. If you’ve heard of the Blue Zones, you likely know the term “ikigai” that Okinawan centurions use to describe their purpose in life. In this culture, people have a distinct reason for waking up each morning, and for many, ikigai revolves around loved ones. Whether it is providing for children, caring for parents, or spending time with friends, what a person can give, adds meaning to life. This sense of purpose provides a deep understanding of the big picture which fuels optimism and resilience that strengthens mental health. People with a strong ikigai, are also more likely to prioritize healthy behaviors so they can achieve their ultimate purpose.

Relationships not only give meaning to life, they can provide a mental workout. Engaging in social activities stimulate various regions of the brain by strengthening neural circuits, producing hormones, and increasing connectivity. Social butterflies are more likely to have good cognition and memory while isolated people have a 50% increased risk of developing dementia. Just like physical exercise is good for the body, socialization is a workout for the brain.

A sense of community can give meaning to life, encourage healthy behaviors, and protect the brain. It can also support the immune system and strengthen the heart! So, how can you enrich your relationships?

1. Be curious. Take an interest in others and ask lots of questions. This opens up a door for conversation and lets others know you care about them. When you are curious, you may realize how much you have in common with others.

2. Practice generosity. We can’t control how people engage with us, but practicing the golden rule can help others reciprocate generosity in time and kindness.

3. Listen to understand. Sometimes we engage in conversation only to hear ourselves talk. Instead of trying to prove a point, slowing down and listening intently to what another has to say provides an atmosphere for connection. It also is a great way to learn through others' experiences.

4. Check in often. Creating lasting relationships takes time and effort. The more you engage with a person, the stronger your bond can grow. Be sure to schedule regular gatherings and phone calls to strengthen your social circle.

Relationships are a valuable part of life and the proof is evident. Investing in others provides physical benefits, strengthens mental well-being, and provides a sense of purpose. Taking an interest in our social fitness not only supports others, but it sustains physical health and happiness.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1697546908793.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>By KARISSA WINKEL Cottonwood Extension DistrictWe all know that relationships are an important part of life, but they are more impactful than we give them credit for. Dependable family members, stress-relieving friendships, and supportive coworkers bring color to life. These connections even support healthy behaviors, enhance mental health, and bolster brain function.Who would have thought that relationships could have such a large stake in physical health? When we think about ways to improve well-being, many of us envision a leafy green salad, not a game of cards. However, the people we surround ourselves with (or don’t) have a larger role than we imagine.First, quality connections give us purpose. If you’ve heard of the Blue Zones, you likely know the term “ikigai” that Okinawan centurions use to describe their purpose in life. In this culture, people have a distinct reason for waking up each morning, and for many, ikigai revolves around loved ones. Whether it is providing for children, caring for parents, or spending time with friends, what a person can give, adds meaning to life. This sense of purpose provides a deep understanding of the big picture which fuels optimism and resilience that strengthens mental health. People with a strong ikigai, are also more likely to prioritize healthy behaviors so they can achieve their ultimate purpose.Relationships not only give meaning to life, they can provide a mental workout. Engaging in social activities stimulate various regions of the brain by strengthening neural circuits, producing hormones, and increasing connectivity. Social butterflies are more likely to have good cognition and memory while isolated people have a 50% increased risk of developing dementia. Just like physical exercise is good for the body, socialization is a workout for the brain.A sense of community can give meaning to life, encourage healthy behaviors, and protect the brain. It can also support the immune system and strengthen the heart! So, how can you enrich your relationships?1. Be curious. Take an interest in others and ask lots of questions. This opens up a door for conversation and lets others know you care about them. When you are curious, you may realize how much you have in common with others.2. Practice generosity. We can’t control how people engage with us, but practicing the golden rule can help others reciprocate generosity in time and kindness.3. Listen to understand. Sometimes we engage in conversation only to hear ourselves talk. Instead of trying to prove a point, slowing down and listening intently to what another has to say provides an atmosphere for connection. It also is a great way to learn through others' experiences.4. Check in often. Creating lasting relationships takes time and effort. The more you engage with a person, the stronger your bond can grow. Be sure to schedule regular gatherings and phone calls to strengthen your social circle.Relationships are a valuable part of life and the proof is evident. Investing in others provides physical benefits, strengthens mental well-being, and provides a sense of purpose. Taking an interest in our social fitness not only supports others, but it sustains physical health and happiness.Karissa Winkel is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 620-793-1910 or krwinkel@ksu.edu.

WINKEL: Take back control, dining with diabetes

Imagine a gathering with 9 of your friends and family members. Now imagine that at least one of you has a disease that can lead to blindness, amputation, or stroke. The reality is not far-fetched.

About 1 in 9 adults in Kansas have been diagnosed with diabetes, a chronic disease characterized by elevated blood sugar. This is a result of insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance.

Now imagine if tools were available to help you and loved ones cope with the daunting disease. Would you sleep better at night knowing that you can be in control of glucose levels and reduce the risk of developing other health conditions like heart disease, kidney disease, or retinopathy?

Dining with Diabetes is one tool available to help you take control and regain peace of mind. This national program is designed to boost the health of those with prediabetes and Type 2 diabetes. The program serves to educate family members and caregivers while connecting participants to resources.

Through Dining with Diabetes, you will have the chance to learn the best ways to take care of yourself and your loved ones. This includes nutrition education and hands-on cooking demonstrations to help you gain confidence in preparing enjoyable meals that balance blood sugar. Also, participants will learn the importance of physical activity and how to realistically include it in day-to-day life.

The class will take place at the Hays Recreation Commission on June 6, 13, 20, and 27 from 4-6 pm. The cost is $35 for the 6- hours of hands-on learning experience. Please give us a call with any questions or to register at 785-628-9430.

Encounter support through Dining with Diabetes and connect with others who experience similar challenges. Find relief in knowing that diabetes management is possible for you!

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 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1697546908793.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>By KARISSA WINKEL Cottonwood Extension DistrictImagine a gathering with 9 of your friends and family members. Now imagine that at least one of you has a disease that can lead to blindness, amputation, or stroke. The reality is not far-fetched.About 1 in 9 adults in Kansas have been diagnosed with diabetes, a chronic disease characterized by elevated blood sugar. This is a result of insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance.Now imagine if tools were available to help you and loved ones cope with the daunting disease. Would you sleep better at night knowing that you can be in control of glucose levels and reduce the risk of developing other health conditions like heart disease, kidney disease, or retinopathy?Dining with Diabetes is one tool available to help you take control and regain peace of mind. This national program is designed to boost the health of those with prediabetes and Type 2 diabetes. The program serves to educate family members and caregivers while connecting participants to resources.Through Dining with Diabetes, you will have the chance to learn the best ways to take care of yourself and your loved ones. This includes nutrition education and hands-on cooking demonstrations to help you gain confidence in preparing enjoyable meals that balance blood sugar. Also, participants will learn the importance of physical activity and how to realistically include it in day-to-day life.The class will take place at the Hays Recreation Commission on June 6, 13, 20, and 27 from 4-6 pm. The cost is $35 for the 6- hours of hands-on learning experience. Please give us a call with any questions or to register at 785-628-9430.Encounter support through Dining with Diabetes and connect with others who experience similar challenges. Find relief in knowing that diabetes management is possible for you!###Karissa Winkel is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 620-793-1910 or krwinkel@ksu.edu.

By STEVE GILLILAND Exploring Kansas Outdoors

So, have you heard or read about the big Cicada “emergence” about to happen in several other Midwest and Southern states? These are not the annual cicadas we call “locusts” that are heard every August here in Kansas, but rather some of those that have been in the ground for 13 and 17 years. Cicadas are formally identified as “broods,” and starting any day now, two of these broods, brood XIX that emerge every 13 years, and brood XIII that emerge every 17 years are set to show themselves at the same time. This is a rare occurrence that last happened in 1803, and won’t happen again until the year 2245. Their sole purpose is to breed, after which they die; eggs are laid on tree branches, and upon hatching, the young fall to the ground and burrow themselves in around the trees, to emerge again in either 13 or 17 years. It’s been estimated there could be up to half a million of the critters per acre where they will be the worst. Audiologists are worried about the noise levels of the critters screeching “love songs,” warning that the sound from this many of them at once can actually be as loud as a jackhammer or lawnmower. “Bug Doctors” and those that study this sort of thing are about to wet themselves with excitement over the rare event, which some have labeled “cicada-geddon.”

I say all this in response to a discussion I heard on the radio today about eating cicadas. Years ago, I wrote a column entitled “My Reverse Bucket List,” where I listed a few things I DO NOT ever want to do, and KNOWINGLY and PURPOSLY eating bugs was one of them. If God had wanted me to eat bugs, he would have made me an ant eater or a bird, so today I still say no, no and nope to eating bugs.

However, it seems eating cicadas is not all that far-fetched. Amazon actually lists 4 cook books completely dedicated to cooking and eating cicadas; “The Cicada Cookbook,” “Cooking with Cicadas,” “Cicada Recipes for the Zombie Apocalypse” and “The Cheeky Cicada; A Culinary Adventure with Natures Symphony.” An internet search easily provided a list of possible cicada dishes, to include pan fried cicadas, chocolate covered cicadas, boiled cicadas, crispy cicada salad, cicadas marinara, spicy popcorn cicadas, cicada chips and even a recipe for chocolate cookies, each with a toasted cicada in the middle instead of a Hershey’s Kiss. Someone even suggested gathering a bunch while they are so plentiful and available, and freezing them by the bagful for later use. I can see it all now; the wife reaches into the freezer for a bag of frozen corn or peas and comes out with a

bagful of frozen locusts instead; that should make for interesting table talk at dinner.

I also stumbled across a few little pieces of advice and ditties concerning cooking and eating the little blighters. Concerning eating them, one person said “They’re great for the summer BBQ, while they are everywhere.” Another advised “No need to tear off the legs and wings, they just add to the crispiness.” Another slogan went something like this, “If you can’t beat em’, cook em’.”

Well, there you have it, a little history lesson, a little news story and a whole lotta’ cicada 101 all rolled into one. Just to reiterate, this won’t be happening in our neck-of-the-woods…this time, but in 17 states east and south of us. Also, just to reiterate, I still say no, no and nope to eatin’ bugs. Continue to Explore Kansas Outdoors (cicada free.)

Steve can be contacted by email at stevenrgilliland@gmail.com.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574696211722.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>By STEVE GILLILAND Exploring Kansas OutdoorsSo, have you heard or read about the big Cicada “emergence” about to happen in several other Midwest and Southern states? These are not the annual cicadas we call “locusts” that are heard every August here in Kansas, but rather some of those that have been in the ground for 13 and 17 years. Cicadas are formally identified as “broods,” and starting any day now, two of these broods, brood XIX that emerge every 13 years, and brood XIII that emerge every 17 years are set to show themselves at the same time. This is a rare occurrence that last happened in 1803, and won’t happen again until the year 2245. Their sole purpose is to breed, after which they die; eggs are laid on tree branches, and upon hatching, the young fall to the ground and burrow themselves in around the trees, to emerge again in either 13 or 17 years. It’s been estimated there could be up to half a million of the critters per acre where they will be the worst. Audiologists are worried about the noise levels of the critters screeching “love songs,” warning that the sound from this many of them at once can actually be as loud as a jackhammer or lawnmower. “Bug Doctors” and those that study this sort of thing are about to wet themselves with excitement over the rare event, which some have labeled “cicada-geddon.”I say all this in response to a discussion I heard on the radio today about eating cicadas. Years ago, I wrote a column entitled “My Reverse Bucket List,” where I listed a few things I DO NOT ever want to do, and KNOWINGLY and PURPOSLY eating bugs was one of them. If God had wanted me to eat bugs, he would have made me an ant eater or a bird, so today I still say no, no and nope to eating bugs.However, it seems eating cicadas is not all that far-fetched. Amazon actually lists 4 cook books completely dedicated to cooking and eating cicadas; “The Cicada Cookbook,” “Cooking with Cicadas,” “Cicada Recipes for the Zombie Apocalypse” and “The Cheeky Cicada; A Culinary Adventure with Natures Symphony.” An internet search easily provided a list of possible cicada dishes, to include pan fried cicadas, chocolate covered cicadas, boiled cicadas, crispy cicada salad, cicadas marinara, spicy popcorn cicadas, cicada chips and even a recipe for chocolate cookies, each with a toasted cicada in the middle instead of a Hershey’s Kiss. Someone even suggested gathering a bunch while they are so plentiful and available, and freezing them by the bagful for later use. I can see it all now; the wife reaches into the freezer for a bag of frozen corn or peas and comes out with abagful of frozen locusts instead; that should make for interesting table talk at dinner.I also stumbled across a few little pieces of advice and ditties concerning cooking and eating the little blighters. Concerning eating them, one person said “They’re great for the summer BBQ, while they are everywhere.” Another advised “No need to tear off the legs and wings, they just add to the crispiness.” Another slogan went something like this, “If you can’t beat em’, cook em’.”Well, there you have it, a little history lesson, a little news story and a whole lotta’ cicada 101 all rolled into one. Just to reiterate, this won’t be happening in our neck-of-the-woods…this time, but in 17 states east and south of us. Also, just to reiterate, I still say no, no and nope to eatin’ bugs. Continue to Explore Kansas Outdoors (cicada free.)Steve can be contacted by email at stevenrgilliland@gmail.com.

Exploring Kansas Outdoors: No, No and Nope

By STEVE GILLILAND Exploring Kansas Outdoors

There’s just something about a toad that “conjures” up visions of a witch in a huge black hat with a big hairy wart on her nose mumbling spells as she stirs a bubbling pot full of potion. Toads just look creepy, and then of course there is that propensity they possess to pee on anyone picking them up. Despite having a face only a mother could love, toads are extremely important to our planet. It is reported that a toad can eat ten thousand insects in one summer and are a big part of natures pest patrol (the person who did the counting for that study really needs a life!)

Toads begin their lives as tiny swimming tadpoles and eventually crawl onto land and begin breathing air, yet another of God’s creative mysteries. Toads, like other amphibians actually absorb air through their skin as well as getting it from their lungs with occasional breaths. They also absorb water though their skin rather than drinking it through their mouths.

If you have a dog, I’m quite sure you already know that toads have a mild toxin on their skin as protection. After licking or grabbing a toad with their mouth, a dog will begin frothing-at-the-mouth uncontrollably for a few minutes. It’s very temporary but quite funny at the time. One of our two little dogs doesn’t have the sense God gave a goose, and despite this being nearly a daily occurrence, she still cruises the flower beds looking for toads, after which she emerges, slobbering and frothing like some kind of crazed beast.

Because of toxins in their environment, toad populations are said to be declining nearly to the point of crisis, and I do believe we see fewer now than we used to. Raccoons, skunks and snakes are natural predators of toads. Besides protection from these predators, toads also need cool dark places to get away from the bright sun and weather.

Joyce has several large flower gardens and scattered throughout each garden she has created what she calls “toad abodes.” She takes broken clay or ornamental flower pots and turns them into cool, dark, secret hideaways for the resident toads. She finds an already shady spot beneath a big perennial plant, then simply

lays the broken pot on its side to form a little round-top enclosure into which the toads can easily crawl and hide themselves away from predators, pets and the heat of the day. One such hideaway is even made from the bleached white pelvic bone of a cow, drug home from the woods by our grandson. Laid beneath a big plant with long slender leaves that hang down over it, the arched shape makes a perfect secret hideout for a toad or two. Any object that has room for a toad to crawl inside will work, and besides protecting the toads, they look very decorative and rustic in the flower bed too.

So the next time you buy your pet a new toy or treat, think about your insect removal friends too. Find a broken clay pot or bowl and place it in a new spot in the garden for yet another toad abode. And next year, when you ask yourself what in the world that broken pot is doing in your flower bed and pick it up to remove it, don’t be surprised to see a pair of dark eyes looking back at you from beneath it. If you pick up that toad, hold it out away from you or you’ll probably get your shoes wet, and if you suddenly find your dog frothing and foaming at the mouth, don’t shoot it, it just licked a toad!... Continue to Explore Kansas Outdoors!

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574696211722.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>By STEVE GILLILAND Exploring Kansas OutdoorsThere’s just something about a toad that “conjures” up visions of a witch in a huge black hat with a big hairy wart on her nose mumbling spells as she stirs a bubbling pot full of potion. Toads just look creepy, and then of course there is that propensity they possess to pee on anyone picking them up. Despite having a face only a mother could love, toads are extremely important to our planet. It is reported that a toad can eat ten thousand insects in one summer and are a big part of natures pest patrol (the person who did the counting for that study really needs a life!)Toads begin their lives as tiny swimming tadpoles and eventually crawl onto land and begin breathing air, yet another of God’s creative mysteries. Toads, like other amphibians actually absorb air through their skin as well as getting it from their lungs with occasional breaths. They also absorb water though their skin rather than drinking it through their mouths.If you have a dog, I’m quite sure you already know that toads have a mild toxin on their skin as protection. After licking or grabbing a toad with their mouth, a dog will begin frothing-at-the-mouth uncontrollably for a few minutes. It’s very temporary but quite funny at the time. One of our two little dogs doesn’t have the sense God gave a goose, and despite this being nearly a daily occurrence, she still cruises the flower beds looking for toads, after which she emerges, slobbering and frothing like some kind of crazed beast.Because of toxins in their environment, toad populations are said to be declining nearly to the point of crisis, and I do believe we see fewer now than we used to. Raccoons, skunks and snakes are natural predators of toads. Besides protection from these predators, toads also need cool dark places to get away from the bright sun and weather.Joyce has several large flower gardens and scattered throughout each garden she has created what she calls “toad abodes.” She takes broken clay or ornamental flower pots and turns them into cool, dark, secret hideaways for the resident toads. She finds an already shady spot beneath a big perennial plant, then simplylays the broken pot on its side to form a little round-top enclosure into which the toads can easily crawl and hide themselves away from predators, pets and the heat of the day. One such hideaway is even made from the bleached white pelvic bone of a cow, drug home from the woods by our grandson. Laid beneath a big plant with long slender leaves that hang down over it, the arched shape makes a perfect secret hideout for a toad or two. Any object that has room for a toad to crawl inside will work, and besides protecting the toads, they look very decorative and rustic in the flower bed too.So the next time you buy your pet a new toy or treat, think about your insect removal friends too. Find a broken clay pot or bowl and place it in a new spot in the garden for yet another toad abode. And next year, when you ask yourself what in the world that broken pot is doing in your flower bed and pick it up to remove it, don’t be surprised to see a pair of dark eyes looking back at you from beneath it. If you pick up that toad, hold it out away from you or you’ll probably get your shoes wet, and if you suddenly find your dog frothing and foaming at the mouth, don’t shoot it, it just licked a toad!... Continue to Explore Kansas Outdoors!Steve can be contacted by email at stevenrgilliland@gmail.com.

Exploring Kansas Outdoors: The toad abode

By BRIANNE HEIDBREDER Insight Kansas

As this year’s legislative session ends, it would be easy to focus on the overwhelming partisan conflict and stalemate that has become a reality in Kansas politics. However, legislative Democrats and Republicans have been able to make progress by working together on several criminal justice policies.

In April, Governor Kelly signed into law Senate Bill 458, which implements new reforms to the Kansas Standard Asset Seizure and Forfeiture Act. Efforts like this aim to establish clear and fair guidelines for law enforcement when they attempt to seize private property in the investigation of a crime. According to the Office of the Governor, these reforms require “additional steps to initiate the civil asset seizure process and requires clear and convincing evidence in order to move forward with seizure.” These measures help prevent abuses of power and safeguard citizens’ property rights.

Civil forfeiture reform often brings together unlikely allies by tapping into libertarian beliefs about reigning in government power and liberal commitment to creating a more just criminal justice system. Working across party lines, this bill was passed unanimously.

The Kansas legislature also passed into law an increase in the compensation available to crime victims in the Crime Victims Assistance Fund. The result is that victims will now be eligible for a maximum weekly compensation of $800, compared to $400 previously. Being the victim of a crime can cause many types of harm, including financial harm. State-funded assistance programs can help victims cover medical expenses, including counseling, as well as lost wages. This provides victims greater stability, which in turn can promote healing. Once again, this bill passed unanimously earning praise from both Governor Kelly and Attorney General Kris Kobach.

And finally, Governor Kelly signed a “Good Samaritan” bill into law earlier this month. Senate Bill 419 provides immunity to those seeking help for themselves or others in the event of a drug overdose. Citing the importance of addressing the fentanyl crisis, legislators on both sides of the aisle came together to pass this bill unanimously.

This law reduces the hesitation to call for assistance in the case of an overdose by eliminating the fear of legal consequences. This immunity coupled with the wide public availability of Naloxone, a medicine that reverses an opioid overdose, will save lives in Kansas. Further, “Good Samaritan” laws foster a more supportive environment for individuals struggling with substance use disorders, potentially opening pathways to treatment and recovery, rather than punishment. Prior to this bipartisan win, Kansas was one of only two states that did not have legal protections for those reaching out for assistance in cases of overdose.

While we shouldn’t expect ideological foes to agree on much in terms of the politically controversial issues of the day such as reproductive rights and taxation, these three bills, passed unanimously by a Republican-controlled legislature and signed into law by a Democratic Governor, are proof that bipartisan progress is possible in Kansas.

Brianne Heidbreder, PhD is an Associate Professor of Political Science at Kansas State University.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/3/1678375743023.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>By BRIANNE HEIDBREDER Insight KansasAs this year’s legislative session ends, it would be easy to focus on the overwhelming partisan conflict and stalemate that has become a reality in Kansas politics. However, legislative Democrats and Republicans have been able to make progress by working together on several criminal justice policies.In April, Governor Kelly signed into law Senate Bill 458, which implements new reforms to the Kansas Standard Asset Seizure and Forfeiture Act. Efforts like this aim to establish clear and fair guidelines for law enforcement when they attempt to seize private property in the investigation of a crime. According to the Office of the Governor, these reforms require “additional steps to initiate the civil asset seizure process and requires clear and convincing evidence in order to move forward with seizure.” These measures help prevent abuses of power and safeguard citizens’ property rights.Civil forfeiture reform often brings together unlikely allies by tapping into libertarian beliefs about reigning in government power and liberal commitment to creating a more just criminal justice system. Working across party lines, this bill was passed unanimously.The Kansas legislature also passed into law an increase in the compensation available to crime victims in the Crime Victims Assistance Fund. The result is that victims will now be eligible for a maximum weekly compensation of $800, compared to $400 previously. Being the victim of a crime can cause many types of harm, including financial harm. State-funded assistance programs can help victims cover medical expenses, including counseling, as well as lost wages. This provides victims greater stability, which in turn can promote healing. Once again, this bill passed unanimously earning praise from both Governor Kelly and Attorney General Kris Kobach.And finally, Governor Kelly signed a “Good Samaritan” bill into law earlier this month. Senate Bill 419 provides immunity to those seeking help for themselves or others in the event of a drug overdose. Citing the importance of addressing the fentanyl crisis, legislators on both sides of the aisle came together to pass this bill unanimously.This law reduces the hesitation to call for assistance in the case of an overdose by eliminating the fear of legal consequences. This immunity coupled with the wide public availability of Naloxone, a medicine that reverses an opioid overdose, will save lives in Kansas. Further, “Good Samaritan” laws foster a more supportive environment for individuals struggling with substance use disorders, potentially opening pathways to treatment and recovery, rather than punishment. Prior to this bipartisan win, Kansas was one of only two states that did not have legal protections for those reaching out for assistance in cases of overdose.While we shouldn’t expect ideological foes to agree on much in terms of the politically controversial issues of the day such as reproductive rights and taxation, these three bills, passed unanimously by a Republican-controlled legislature and signed into law by a Democratic Governor, are proof that bipartisan progress is possible in Kansas.Brianne Heidbreder, PhD is an Associate Professor of Political Science at Kansas State University.

INSIGHT KANSAS: A sliver of bipartisanship

By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension District

Asymbiotic or non-symbiotic N-Fixing organisms, usually species of bacteria, have the ability to ‘fix’ nitrogen (N) from the atmosphere where it is abundant as N2 gas, and produce NH3 without being associated with plant or fungi.

The process used to fix N by asymbiotic organisms is highly energy intensive. The enzyme that serves as the fixation facilitator in bacteria is nitrogenase. To convert on molecule of N2 to one molecule of NH3, this required 16 ATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecules (the chemical fuel for many biological reactions) and 8 electrons. This compares to only 5 ATP to produce one peptide bond in the production amino acids, which is classified itself as a ‘high energy requirement’ (Smercina et al., 2019).

The energy required by asymbiotic organisms to fix N may come from a variety of sources depending on their spatial presence in the surface soil biome. The sources may consist of soil organic matter, and intermediary compounds during the process of plant/animal decay, or the decay of other microorganisms. A rich source of energy also comes from root exudates of growing plants. If N-fixing organisms are active inside living plant tissue, the energy for N-fixation has to come from the plant itself.

Lately, biological-based products have been marketed to enhance crop production. One class of products essentially consists of seed inoculants whose marketers claim they will either infect the seed, which enables them to perform N-Fixation functions similar to Rhizobia in legumes, or to inhabit the immediate soil outside the root (the rhizosphere) and use plant-root exudates as food-stuffs, enabling the N-fixing organisms to fix N from the air. There is much more marketing information available to corn growers on these products than there is availability of published unbiased data from the North Central Region (NCR) of the U.S.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictAsymbiotic or non-symbiotic N-Fixing organisms, usually species of bacteria, have the ability to ‘fix’ nitrogen (N) from the atmosphere where it is abundant as N2 gas, and produce NH3 without being associated with plant or fungi.The process used to fix N by asymbiotic organisms is highly energy intensive. The enzyme that serves as the fixation facilitator in bacteria is nitrogenase. To convert on molecule of N2 to one molecule of NH3, this required 16 ATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecules (the chemical fuel for many biological reactions) and 8 electrons. This compares to only 5 ATP to produce one peptide bond in the production amino acids, which is classified itself as a ‘high energy requirement’ (Smercina et al., 2019).The energy required by asymbiotic organisms to fix N may come from a variety of sources depending on their spatial presence in the surface soil biome. The sources may consist of soil organic matter, and intermediary compounds during the process of plant/animal decay, or the decay of other microorganisms. A rich source of energy also comes from root exudates of growing plants. If N-fixing organisms are active inside living plant tissue, the energy for N-fixation has to come from the plant itself.Lately, biological-based products have been marketed to enhance crop production. One class of products essentially consists of seed inoculants whose marketers claim they will either infect the seed, which enables them to perform N-Fixation functions similar to Rhizobia in legumes, or to inhabit the immediate soil outside the root (the rhizosphere) and use plant-root exudates as food-stuffs, enabling the N-fixing organisms to fix N from the air. There is much more marketing information available to corn growers on these products than there is availability of published unbiased data from the North Central Region (NCR) of the U.S.Trials to determine the yield benefit from one or more of these products added to different rates of N fertilizer were conducted by researchers from most of the land-grant universities in the NCR through the 2022 growing season to determine their possible value to farmers.Overall summary – sixty-one site years of N rate trials with and without the use of biological N fixing products were conducted in corn, spring wheat, sugar beet and canola in 10 states including Kansas within the NCR. Of the 61 site-years, 59 site-years had no yield increase with use of the product over N rate alone. Two site-years in corn had yield increases due to product use over the N rates alone. Given the low rate of positive benefits to the use of these products, growers should be skeptical of products that claim to provide asymbiotic/nonsymbiotic N-fixation for the purpose of allowing a farmer to decrease fertilizer N rate. It is good for farmers to be curious; however, the wise grower needs to test products of interest on their own farm in a replicated manner and search for unbiased data on product performance before using them on whole fields. There is a recently published primer on how one might conduct on-farm research. Titled “Promoting adoption of precision nitrogen management technologies through on-farm research” by Thompson et al., 2022.This information came from NDSU Extension publication SF2080 (April 2023).Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

Opinion